Arms: Purpose, Trade, Control

1993 ◽  
pp. 30-43
Author(s):  
Derek Heater ◽  
G. R. Berridge
Keyword(s):  
Trade Control

scholarly journals Trade-Control Compliance in SMEs: Do Decision-Makers and Supply Chain Position Make a Difference?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Behavioral Ethics ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Organizational Responses ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Compliance Programs ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Compliance Program ◽  
Trade Control

AbstractIn recent years, trade-control laws and regulations such as embargoes and sanctions have gained importance. However, there is limited empirical research on the ways in which small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) respond to such coercive economic measures. Building on the literature on organizational responses to external demands and behavioral ethics, this study addresses this issue to better understand how external pressures and managerial decision-making are associated with the scope of trade-control compliance programs. Based on a sample of 289 SMEs, the findings show that the organizational responses of SMEs reflect proportionate adjustments to regulatory pressures but only if decision-makers are well informed and aware of the prevailing rules and regulations. Conversely, uninformed decision-making leads to a disproportionate response resulting in an inadequately reduced scope of the compliance program. In addition, the results indicate that SMEs that are highly integrated into supply chains are susceptible to passing-the-buck behavior.

Introductions as Factors in Diseases of Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (S1) ◽  
pp. 110-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pet Trade ◽  
Inland Fisheries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Advisory Commission ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Trade Control

Fish and invertebrates are subject to a wide range of disease agents. Many of their diseases are probably local in origin although a lengthy list of infections were probably imported via the vast array of exotic species which have been transferred to virtually all areas of the world. Since ail living organisms carry a full suite of microorganisms and larger parasites the likelihood of there being pathogens for local species among them is good. Introductions can occur in at least one of three separate ways: (1) intentional introductions for specific purposes, (2) accidental transport of biological agents via massive transfers of ballast waters or (3) through the ornamental or aquatic pet trade. Control measures and information services devised by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission and the Office International des Epizooties are described.

scholarly journals Napoleon's Navigation System: A Study of Trade Control during the Continental Blockade.

1926 ◽  
Vol 6 (1/3) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
William Spence Robertson ◽  
Frank Edgar Melvin
Keyword(s):  
Navigation System ◽  
System A ◽  
Trade Control

scholarly journals Recovery within a population of the Critically Endangered citron-crested cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata in Indonesia after 10 years of international trade control

Oryx ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis J. Cahill ◽  
Jonathan S. Walker ◽  
Stuart J. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Forest Patch ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Trade Control

Moratoria on international trade are frequently used to protect threatened species but few studies have examined their effectiveness in allowing populations to recover. We present population data collected before and after a moratorium on trade in the citron-crested cockatoo Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata, a distinctive subspecies of the yellow-crested cockatoo endemic to Sumba, Indonesia. Before legal trade ceased in 1993 numbers of cockatoos leaving Sumba averaged c. 1,600 per year, and the 1992 population, estimated at 3,200, surely could not sustain such a level of trade. We surveyed cockatoos in four forest patches on Sumba in 1992, and then surveyed these same forest patches 10 years later, using the same field methods. Forest cover within the four patches was similar between years. We recorded a statistically significant increase in overall cockatoo density, from c. 2 birds per km2 in 1992 to >4 per km2 in 2002. Group sizes were also larger in 2002 than in 1992. Densities at two forest sites had increased considerably, at another the population was stable, but at one small forest patch a small population in 1992 had probably decreased. While the population has made a modest recovery, densities remain low compared to cockatoo populations elsewhere. Illegal trade is known to persist and its volume should be monitored closely.

scholarly journals DARI MONOPOLI HINGGA PELABUHAN BEBAS: AKTIVITAS PERDAGANGAN DI KARESIDENAN TERNATE 1854-1930

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Rustam Hasim
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Free Port ◽  
Trade Control ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This paper discusses trading practices conducted in the Ternate Residency after the Dutch turned the port in the residence as a free port in 1854. In line with this policy, several major export and import materials supported the growth of the port meanwhile clove commodities did not become superior goods due to Hongotochten and extirpate policies in the VOC period. This fact shows that the policy of turning into the free port in 1854 was not only apart of the intention to control the economic resources within Ternate Area, but also to create Ternate as a colonial area under the Dutch’s control. This, in fact, opened a new chapter for trading activities in the region. The purpose of this policy is to attract and concentrate the commercial activities of the indigenous population to the free port under the supervision of the Dutch colonial for they hoped to prevent an indigenous merchant from establishing trade relations with other European nations. This study found that in 1854 the Dutch government made Ternate a free port is the implementation of a free port as the first step to protect economic interests, besides it is intended to place the Dutch in maintaining trade control in the territory of the colony.    

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