scholarly journals DARI MONOPOLI HINGGA PELABUHAN BEBAS: AKTIVITAS PERDAGANGAN DI KARESIDENAN TERNATE 1854-1930

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Rustam Hasim
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Free Port ◽  
Trade Control ◽  
Dutch Colonial

This paper discusses trading practices conducted in the Ternate Residency after the Dutch turned the port in the residence as a free port in 1854. In line with this policy, several major export and import materials supported the growth of the port meanwhile clove commodities did not become superior goods due to Hongotochten and extirpate policies in the VOC period. This fact shows that the policy of turning into the free port in 1854 was not only apart of the intention to control the economic resources within Ternate Area, but also to create Ternate as a colonial area under the Dutch’s control. This, in fact, opened a new chapter for trading activities in the region. The purpose of this policy is to attract and concentrate the commercial activities of the indigenous population to the free port under the supervision of the Dutch colonial for they hoped to prevent an indigenous merchant from establishing trade relations with other European nations. This study found that in 1854 the Dutch government made Ternate a free port is the implementation of a free port as the first step to protect economic interests, besides it is intended to place the Dutch in maintaining trade control in the territory of the colony.    

scholarly journals China – Tariff Rate Quotas for Certain Agricultural Products: Against the Grain: Can the WTO Open Chinese Markets? A Contaminated Experiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Joseph Glauber ◽  
Simon Lester
Keyword(s):  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Tariff Rate ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Tariff Rate Quotas ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
Trade Relationship ◽  
Key Issues

Abstract The US complaint about Chinese tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) on certain grain products helps illustrate several key issues in US–China trade relations and the effectiveness of WTO disputes. First, do international obligations based on transparency and fairness work in relation to an authoritarian country not known for the rule of law domestically? Second, can there be a disconnect between the legal aspects of a dispute and the underlying economic interests, with a DSB ruling sometimes not leading to improved trade flows? And third, given the bilateral trade war and ‘phase one’ trade deal between the United States and China, has the WTO been superseded in this trade relationship? This paper summarizes the facts and law of the China–TRQs dispute, and examines each of these questions in that context.

scholarly journals The Moving of Seaport from Labuhan Deli to Belawan in the Period of 1863-1942

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 3308-3313
Author(s):  
Suprayitno Suprayitno ◽  
Ratna Ratna ◽  
Rohani Rohani ◽  
Ganie Ganie ◽  
Handoko Handoko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Condition ◽  
Maritime History ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Loading And Unloading ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Dutch Colonial

Plantation economic growth has the impact on development in various aspects. One of them is shipping and trade development. Before the existence of plantations in East Sumatera, shipping and trade in Medan were centered at Labuhan Deli as a river-port. Since big ships could not sail on the river, it was considered not effective and efficient anymore. Therefore, the Dutch   Colonial Government planned to build a seaport located on the sea coast so that loading and unloading would be easy to do, and they selected Belawan to be the new seaport. The research problems were how about the existence of Labuhan Deli by the policy of the Dutch Government on moving the seaport to Belawan and what was their reason for it, and how about shipping and trade business in Belawan. This research used archives and other writing materials from the period of the Dutch Colonial Government in Medan and used historical method. The objective of the research was to find out whether plantation economic condition could change various aspects, including shipping and trade at the time. The result of this research was expected to become the reference for the writing on advanced maritime history, particularly on seaport. 

scholarly journals Hybrid Threats: Essence, Characteristics, Preconditions for Escalation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (49) ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
N. H. Kalyuzhna ◽  
◽  
T. K. Kovtun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Weak States ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
National Economies

The article aims at clarifying the essence of hybrid threats through systematizing their key characteristics and determining preconditions for conflict escalation. Common definitions of hybrid threats are considered and the lack of a unified approach to their interpretation is emphasized given their diversity and comprehensive nature. The high destructive potential of hybrid threats due to their hidden nature and focus on the most vulnerable aspects of the hybrid aggression object are substantiated. The specifics of carrying out hybrid threats in the economic sphere is analyzed, and the example of foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the Russian Federation shows that the economic sphere serves as a space for hiding and deformalizing a hybrid conflict. The essence of the synergetic effect made by the synchronous realization of hybrid threats in different confrontation areas is considered. It is demonstrated that the key feature of hybrid conflicts is their staying outside the legally justified intervention of other states and international organizations. Emphasis is placed on the rapid spread of hybrid threats in the economic sphere and on the special risks that conflicts hybridization creates for economically weak states. Another important feature of hybrid threats is identified, namely, the high probability of their escalation due to unforeseen events, the global pandemic COVID-19 in particular. It is substantiated that the expected risk of the post-pandemic period is the transition of most national economies to protectionist policies, which will inevitably increase the risk of hybrid threats escalation for economically weak states due to the desire of more powerful states to protect their national economic interests. Having analyzed the specifics of hybrid threats and understanding hybridity as a result of combining different forms, the authors identify the key characteristics of hybrid threats and further combine them into the following groups according to their essence: general aspects; specifics of methods and tools; areas of implementation; prerequisites for efficiency.

China’s and India’s Economic Engagement in Africa: Similar Patterns, Different Dynamics

2016 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 239-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keji Mao ◽  
Xiaoyang Tang
Keyword(s):  
Soft Power ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
China And India ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Economic Engagement

To enhance their economic engagement in Africa, both China and India have institutionalized their interactions with African countries through multilateral leaders’ summits. The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) and India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS) held successively in late 2015 reveal many interesting trends of both countries’ relationships with Africa. Although India has intended to differentiate itself from China in diplomatic rhetoric, both countries actually share a number of vital commonalities in their trade relations with Africa. Following their respective summits, China’s and India’s engagement in the vast continent is likely to demonstrate distinctive styles, as the two countries possess different sets of political and economic resources at their disposal and tend to prioritize contrasting dimensions of economic engagement in Africa. In the long run, however, it is possible to establish a trilateral partnership that combines India’s remarkable “soft power” with China’s economic advantages to generate lasting industrialization and economic progress of Africa.

Economic policy and development in Austrian Lombardy, 1815–1859

Modern Italy ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Pichler
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
The Political ◽  
Italian Economy ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Material Interests ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
The One

SummaryThe question of economic integration is not new in Europe. Historically, the birth and construction of nation-states was important in stimulating interest in the systematic relationships between political and economic integration. In the case of the multinational structure of the Habsburg monarchy in the nineteenth century, the result was an economic policy that, for political reasons, aimed to unite the material interests of a state that was completely heterogeneous in other respects. Lombardy was a case in point. Traditionally the region had been in the economic vanguard in central Europe. When it again became part of Austria in 1815 it also became subject to the imperial policy of political integration. As a result its economic priorities were partially reformulated. On the one hand, Austria had a protectionist system aimed at autarky which made incentives to industrial production a priority. Lombardy's purely mercantilist outlook, on the other hand, was based around the production of a few highly specialized goods, most notably silk, for export. Conflict between economic interests in Lombardy was the inevitable result. Nevertheless, the imperial government had to take account of the fact that it was impossible to restrict Lombardy's international trade relations exclusively to the Austrian market. And the problems that beset any effort to tie the Lombard economy into a denser network of relationships with the Austrian market were not due to the political formation of the Italian nation because Northern Italy, and Lombardy in particular, continued to occupy an anomalous position within the context of the Italian economy.

scholarly journals The Position of Cochinchina (Vietnam) in the Trade with Portugal in the XVI-XVII Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Thi Anh Dao ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Human Geography ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
The World ◽  
Strategic Position ◽  
The Way

The sixteenth century is considered the beginning time of trade activities between Vietnam and Western countries after great geographical discoveries in the world, in which Portugal was the pioneer country to establish trade relations wit h Vietnam. Cochinchina, with many favourable factors in terms of human, geography, and goods, was the place to attract Portugal on the way of exchange and establishment of Intra - Asian marine trade network. Thus, what factors led Cochinchina to a strategic position in this trade network, and Portugal had come here to trade with specific characteristics are, and the consequences of this trade process are, is the purpose of this article. Based on analyzing objective and subjective factors, generalizing and systematizing commercial activities between Cochin china and Portugal, the author provides objective assessments of the role of Cochin china in the voyage to The East of the Western countries in the contemporary time.

scholarly journals Metode Dakwah: Syiar Islam Ala Masyarakat Nusantara Abad 9-15 M

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Dewi Fatimah Leppa
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Natural Factor ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Historical Relationship

Bukti arkeologi meninggalkan jejak, termasuk jejak untuk menelusuri awal mula agama Islam masuk ke Indonesia, antara abad ke-7 hingga ke-8 Masehi. Arkeolog Uka Tjandrasasmita menegaskan pentingnya bukti-bukti arkeologi dalam karyanya ‘Arkeologi Islam Nusantara’. Dalam karya tersebut, Uka mengungkapkan data-data arkeologi baik berupa makam-makam batu nisan, pecahan keramik dan ragam hiasan maupun arsitektur bangunan keraton yang merupakan material penting sebagai sumber sejarah. Semua itu bisa dimanfaatkan untuk mengetahui dan merekonstruksi bagaimana kedatangan Islam ke Tanah Air. Misalnya, makam di Nusantara memiliki persamaan tulisan dengan makam Islam yang ada di Gujarat, India. Persamaan tersebut dapat ditemukan pada makam Malik Ibrahim dibuat tahun 1419 H di Gresik, Jawa Timur dan makam Samudra Pasai pada tahun 882 H. Makam-makam yang ada di Gujarat dan Tanah Air juga memiliki bahan baku yang sama yaitu batu pualam. Dengan adanya persamaan tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang aktif, terutama hubungan dagang antara Gujarat, Samudra Pasai, dan Jawa Timur. Melalui perdagangan tercipta interaksi antara penduduk Tanah Air dan para pedagang Muslim dari Gujarat. Melalui interaksi ini juga para pedagang Muslim dari Gujarat tak hanya melakukan aktivitas dagang tetapi juga menyebarkan ajaran agama Islam di Tanah Air. Sejak zaman sebelum Islam Pelabuhan Banten merupakan Pelabuhan terpenting di tanah Sunda. Hal itu disebabkan oleh letak geografisnya yang berada di tengah-tengah teluk Banten dengan jaringan Sungai Cibanten dan beberapa anak sungainya. Faktor alamiah ini merupakan hal yang sangat menguntungkan bagi pihak yang mengelola pelabuhan para pedagang. Keadaan ini yang mengakibatkan Pelabuhan Banten menempatkan diri dalam dunia perdagangan internasional di Asia.[Archaeological evidence always leaves a trail, and these include traces to track earlier times when Islam arrived in Indonesia between the 7th and the 8th centuries (CE). Archaeologist Uka Tjandrasasmita stressed the importance of the archaeological pieces of evidence in his work ‘Archaeology of Islam Nusantara’, which reveals some archaeological data in tombs decorated with ceramic fragments and palace architecture, which were considered essential materials as historical sources. All of these can be used to find out and reconstruct how Islam came to Indonesia. For example. The tombs have the same writings as the Islamic tombs in Gujarat, India. The similarities are found in Malik Ibrahim’s tombs, created in 1419 H in Gresik, East Java, and the tomb of Samudra Pasai of Aceh in 882 H. The tombs in Gujarat and Indonesia have the same raw material made from marble. Given these facts, there is a historical relationship between Gujarat, India, and Indonesia, and this could happen due to trade relations between Gujarat and Samudra Pasai and East Jawa. Through trades, interactions between the Muslim traders of Gujarat and Muslim Indonesians took place, and through these interactions, Muslim Gujarati not only carried out trading activities but also spread the teachings of Islam in Indonesia. Some historical facts show that for a long, Banten Port had become the most important port in the land of Sunda. This is due to its geographical location is in the middle of Banten Bay connected with Cibanten River networking and some of its tributaries. This natural factor is very profitable for the Sultan in managing the trades. As a result, the Banten port played a significant role in international trade in Asia.]

scholarly journals Eksistensi Hukum Islam Di Indonesia (Analisis Kontribusi dan Pembaruan Hukum Islam Pra dan Pasca Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia)

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlia Haliah Ma'u
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
Early Arrival ◽  
Dutch Policy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Legal Product

The implementation of Islamic law in Indonesia is closely related to the early arrival of Islam in Indonesia. It means that after the entry of Islamic into Indonesia, Islamic law has been followed and executed by the followers of Islam in archipelago. The existence of Islamic law that is lives in the society is recognized by the Dutch Colonial. The Dutch government realized that Islamic law is one of the pillars of power that can fight against on Dutch policy. On this basis, the Dutch changed their policy by stipulating that Islamic law applies if it has been adopted by common law. The struggle of Islamic law of Indonesia to change these policies to obtain that common law is not in accordance with Islamic law will not be applied or refused by Muslim. Furthermore, post-independence, the existence of Islamic law is progressing. This is marked by the enactment of legal product by the government and has become a positive law in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Professional education on the outlying territories of the Russian Empire in the 1880s – early 19th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
Maria V. Rygalova
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Indigenous Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Trained Personnel ◽  
The Russian Empire

The development of professional educational institutions in Russia has become a necessary stage in the development of education. This is due to changes in the socio-economic sphere, the growth and development of trade relations, the development of technical knowledge, as well as the need for specialists in these areas. The Russian Empire underwent modernization processes. This required providing all spheres (economy, social sphere) with trained personnel. This led to the establishment of a network of professional educational institutions. On the outlying territories this happened several decades later and they had their own specifics, for example, the composition of the population (a large percentage of the indigenous population, peasant migrants), as well as the low level of literacy in general. In addition, the establishment of professional educational institutions on these territories was dictated by the private need for a particular area, often a city and a county. Mainly Russian settlers got professional education. However, by the beginning of the 20th century there were more and more students from the indigenous population who were aware of the need and importance of education, who wanted to participate in all-Russian modernization processes.

scholarly journals War of Ngali Toward Dutch Colonialism in Bima

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Sukarddin Sukarddin ◽  
Akhamad Ari Musaded ◽  
Suryo Ediyono
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
East Indies ◽  
The People ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dutch Colonial ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

Sultanate of Bima has been bound by government of Dutch colonial with Lange Contract agreement (long contract), occurred in 1908-1909 That the Sultanate of Bima is a very strategic area. These conditions caused the VOC and the government of Dutch to seek intervention through the Lange Contract agreement (long contract) which has led to the entry of the Sultanate of Bima in the Pax Neerlandica neighborhood. War of Ngali occurred for several reasons namely 1) Feelings of dissatisfaction with the actions of the Dutch government which impose various tax rules in the Sultanate of Bima. 2) The Sultanate of Bima as part of the Dutch East Indies sovereignty was seized by a Lange Contract agreement in 1908. 3) Customary law and Islamic law were replaced by Dutch law. 4) The head or belasting duty system is denied and punished for taxing the unbelievers. The conclusion in this study is that people of Ngali against the government of Dutch colonial because they wanted to control the entire Milky, the resistance made by people Ngalisolely to maintain the customs, religions, and independence owned by the people of Bima.

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