Pine Wilt Disease And The Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus

2009 ◽  
pp. 253-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel M. Mota ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai ◽  
Paulo Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wilt

scholarly journals Prevention of Pine Wilt of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) with Systemic Abamectin Injections

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
Randall James ◽  
Ned Tisserat ◽  
Tim Todd
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Commercial Formulation ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Trunk Injection

We examined the efficacy of the insecticide/nematicide abamectin to prevent pine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Pinewood nematode movement was inhibited (>80% death or paralysis) following a 48 hr exposure to abamectin concentrations as low as 0.1 μL a.i. per L (100 ppb). A commercial formulation of abamectin (Avid™) was injected into Scots pine using a pressurized systemic trunk injection tube (STIT) technique. Fifteen to 30 mL (0.45 to 0.90 fl oz) of Avid per STIT could be injected into the trees in less than 1 hr. Trees were successfully injected throughout February, March, and April at temperatures above 4.4°C (40°F). Survival after 1 year of 10 cm diameter (4 in) at breast height (dbh) Scots pines injected with Avid and subsequently inoculated with pinewood nematode was higher (75%) than in pines injected with water (42%). Similarly, survival after 3 years of large Scots pines (30 to 60 cm [12 to 24 in] dbh)] injected with Avid and exposed to a natural epidemic of pine wilt was higher (96%) than in noninjected pines (33%) or those injected with water (71%). These results indicate that preventive injections of Scots pine with Avid are effective in protecting against pine wilt disease.

scholarly journals The specialization of Esteya vermicola hyphae in infection to Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its colonization of pine tree

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai-Hua Wang ◽  
Can Yin ◽  
Jie Gao ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Piao-Piao Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pine Tree ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Colonization Patterns ◽  
Esteya Vermicola

AbstractPine wilt disease (PWD) caused by the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a serious problem on pines, and there is currently no effective control strategy for this disease. Although the endoparasitic fungus Esteya vermicola showed great effectiveness in controlling pine wilt disease, the colonization patterns of the host pine tree xylem by this fungus are unknown. To investigate the colonization patterns of pine xylem by this fungus, the species Pinus koraiensis grown in a greenhouse was used as an experimental host tree. The fungal colonization of healthy and wilting pine trees by E. vermicola was quantified using PCR with a TaqMan probe, and a green fluorescence protein (GFP) transformant was used for visualization. The results reported a specific infection approach used by E. vermicola to infect B. xylophilus and specialized fungal parasitic cells in PWN infection. In addition, the inoculated blastospores of E. vermicola germinated and grew inside of healthy pine xylem, although the growth rate was slow. Moreover, E. vermicola extended into the pine xylem following spray inoculation of wounded pine seedling stems, and a significant increase in fungal quantity was observed in response to B. xylophilus invasion. An accelerated extension of E. vermicola colonization was shown in PWN-infected wilting pine trees, due to the immigration of fungal-infected PWNs. Our results provide helpful knowledge about the extension rate of this fungus in healthy and wilting PWN-susceptible pine trees in the biological control of PWD and will contribute to the development of a management method for PWD control in the field.Author summaryPine wilt disease, caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has infected most pine forests in Asian and European forests and led to enormous losses of forest ecosystem and economy. Esteya vermicola is a bio-control fungus against pinewood nematode, showed excellent control efficient to pine wilt disease in both of greenhouse experiments and field tests. Although this bio-control agent was well known for the management of pine wilt disease, the infection mechanism of fungal infection and colonization of host pine tree are less understand. Here, we use GFP-tagged mutant to investigate the fungal infection to pinewood nematode; additionally, the temporal and spatial dynamics of E. vermicola colonize to pine tree were determined by the TaqMan real-time PCR quantification, as well as the response to pinewood nematode invasion. We found a specific infection approach used by E. vermicola to infect B. xylophilus and specialized fungal parasitic cells in PWN infection. In addition, the fungal germination and extension inside of pine tree xylem after inoculation were revealed. In addition, the quantity of E. vermicola increased as response to pinewood nematode invasion was reported. Our study provides two novel technologies for the visualization and detection of E. vermicola for the future investigations of fungal colonization and its parasitism against pinewood nematode, and the mechanisms of the bio-control process.

scholarly journals Use of Magnetic Resonance Microscopy for the Nondestructive Observation of Xylem Cavitation Caused by Pine Wilt Disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (7) ◽  
pp. 737-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin Utsuzawa ◽  
Kenji Fukuda ◽  
Daisuke Sakaue
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Spin Echo ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Xylem Cavitation ◽  
Mr Microscopy ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Spin Echo Sequence

The development of xylem cavitation caused by pine wilt disease was visualized nondestructively with a compact magnetic resonance (MR) microscope system. A T1-weighted spin-echo sequence clearly visualized the water-filled xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii) as white zones, whereas cavitated xylem was represented as dark areas. Cavitated areas in the xylem were first observed 6 to 9 days after inoculation with the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), and enlarged gradually over several days. After 11 to 18 days, cavitated areas rapidly increased in size, fused, and reached the cambium. This drastic expansion in cavitation coincided with and appeared to explain the sudden wilting of the seedlings. The development of cavitation observed through MR microscopy corresponded well with previous descriptions of disease progression.

scholarly journals Pine wilt disease: detection of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) as a tool for a pine breeding programme

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 521-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ribeiro ◽  
M. Espada ◽  
T. Vu ◽  
F. Nóbrega ◽  
M. Mota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Breeding Programme ◽  
Disease Detection ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wilt

scholarly journals First Report of Pine Wilt Disease Caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus on Pinus thunbergii in the Inland City of Zibo, Shandong, China

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 1126-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Y. Wu ◽  
Q. Q. Tan ◽  
S. X. Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Stylet Length

The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer 1934) Nickle 1970 is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. It is especially damaging in East Asian countries, including Japan, China, and Korea. In China, the nematode has been found in Anhui, Guangdoung, Guizhou, Chongqing, and Zhejiang Provinces since its discovery in Jiangsu Province in 1982 (1). China is confronted with an enormous threat to its pine forests. B. xylophilus is transmitted by the insect vector pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus alternatus). The main host trees are Pinus massoniana, P. thunbergii, and P. densiflora, which are the most common pine trees in China. Shandong Province, located north of Jiangsu Province, is a high-risk area because it was thought to be the northernmost suitable area for the pine wood nematode. P. tabulaeformis, P. densiflora, and P. thunbergii are the principal hosts. In 2010, a pine tree with suspected wilt disease was found in Lushang Forest (36°16′31.11″ N, 118°03′59.79″ E) of P. thunbergii located in Zibo city of Shandong Province. Symptoms were systemic, with almost all leaves brown or yellowish; the tree was nearly dead. Wood samples were collected and nematodes were extracted using a modified Baermann's funnel method. After 12 h, the nematodes were collected from the wood chips, and their morphology was observed with an inverted light microscope (Nikon 90i, Japan). Nematodes had a typical Aphelenchoid-type esophagus and female vulva flap. Females had subcylindrical tails, usually with broadly rounded terminus, some with a short mucro, and flat vulva, whereas males had large paired arcuate spicules with a sharply pointed prominent rostrum, and typical disc-like expansions on distal ends. Standard measurements of these nematodes were as follows: 25 females: body length = 960.9 ± 117.4 (791.5 to 1,265.2) μm, a = 32.1 ± 5.1 (23.7 to 44.5), b = 13.6 ± 1.4 (11.4 to 16.1), c = 28.3 ± 4.6 (21.7 to 42.2), V = 77.8 ± 2.0 (74.2 to 83.9), stylet length = 13.7 ± 1.6 (11.4 to 17.6) μm; 21 males: body length = 785.6 ± 103.2 (609.6 to 1,004.5) μm, a = 33.3 ± 4.4 (26.0 to 40.8), b = 11.9 ± 1.3 (9.0 to 14.6), c = 31.0 ± 2.7 (25.5 to 37.1), stylet length = 13.5 ± 1.9 (11.0 to 17.5) μm, spicule length = 18.8 ± 2.5 (14.9 to 23.9) μm. The morphometrics of this population, apart from body length and “a” value, which are shorter than the Portugal isolate measured by Mota et al. (3), are very much in the same range reported for B. xylophilus. For a more accurate identification, DNA was extracted from individual nematodes using a liquid nitrogen method. The internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1, ITS-2, 5.8S) were amplified by using PCR (2). Nucleotide sequences were compared with the sequences of B. xylophilus in GenBank, accession nos. JN684828 (Portugal), JN684829 (Portugal), JF826219 (Madeira Island) and JQ288086 (Japan). The ITS DNA sequences of the nematode from P. thunbergii were 99% identical to those of B. xylophilus in GenBank. A sequence of this nematode was submitted to the GenBank database and assigned the number KC460340. We have thus confirmed that B. xylophilus is now present north of Changjiang River in Zibo city, Shandong Province. This range expansion, perhaps the result of global warming, will affect both domestic and international quarantine efforts to control the further spread of pinewood nematode. References: (1) X. Y. Cheng et al. Heredity 100:356, 2008. (2) K. Metge and W. Burgermeister. J. Plant Dis. Protect. 113:275, 2006. (3) M. Mota et al. Nematology 1:727, 1999.

scholarly journals Surveillance of pine wilt disease by high resolution satellite

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Zhou ◽  
Xinpei Yuan ◽  
Huanyu Zhou ◽  
Hengyu Shen ◽  
Lin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Convolution Neural Network ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Pine Wilt

AbstractPine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has led to the death of a large number of pine trees in China. This destructive disease has the characteristics of bring wide-spread, fast onset, and long incubation time. Most importantly, in China, the fatality rate in pines is as high as 100%. The key to reducing this mortality is how to quickly find the infected trees. We proposed a method of automatically identifying infected trees by a convolution neural network and bounding box tool. This method rapidly locates the infected area by classifying and recognizing remote sensing images obtained by high resolution earth observation Satellite. The recognition accuracy of the test data set was 99.4%, and the remote sensing image combined with convolution neural network algorithm can identify and determine the distribution of the infected trees. It can provide strong technical support for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease.

scholarly journals Comparative Secretome and Functional Analyses Reveal Glycoside Hydrolase Family 30 and Cysteine Peptidase as Virulence Determinants in the Pinewood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Shinya ◽  
Haru Kirino ◽  
Hironobu Morisaka ◽  
Yuko Takeuchi-Kaneko ◽  
Kazuyoshi Futai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycoside Hydrolase ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolase Family ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Hydrolase Family

Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is one of the world’s most serious tree diseases. Although the B. xylophilus whole-genome sequence and comprehensive secretome profile have been determined over the past decade, it remains unclear what molecules are critical in pine wilt disease and govern B. xylophilus virulence in host pine trees. Here, a comparative secretome analysis among four isolates of B. xylophilus with distinct virulence levels was performed to identify virulence determinants. The four candidate virulence determinants of B. xylophilus highly secreted in virulent isolates included lipase (Bx-lip1), glycoside hydrolase family 30 (Bx-GH30), and two C1A family cysteine peptidases (Bx-CAT1 and Bx-CAT2). To validate the quantitative differences in the four potential virulence determinants among virulence groups at the protein level, we used real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis to investigate these determinants at the transcript level at three time points: pre-inoculation, 3 days after inoculation (dai), and 7 dai into pine seedlings. The transcript levels of Bx-CAT1, Bx-CAT2, and Bx-GH30 were significantly higher in virulent isolates than in avirulent isolates at pre-inoculation and 3 dai. A subsequent leaf-disk assay based on transient overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana revealed that the GH30 candidate virulent factor caused cell death in the plant. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Bx-CAT2 was involved in nutrient uptake for fungal feeding via soaking-mediated RNA interference. These findings indicate that the secreted proteins Bx-GH30 and Bx-CAT2 contribute to B. xylophilus virulence in host pine trees and may be involved in pine wilt disease.

scholarly journals Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer, 1934) Nickle 1970 – pinewood nematode: a threat to European forests

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
Andrea Čerevková ◽  
Manuel Mota ◽  
Paulo Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Potential Risk ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Coniferous Forests ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Affected Area ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
First Time ◽  
Risk Element

Abstract Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the main causal agent of the pine wilt disease and a worldwide pest with high economic impact. As a serious invasive and destructive species, it is listed as a quarantine pest in the legislation of more than 40 countries. B. xylophilus was reported for the first time in Europe in Portugal in 1999 and in 2008 the whole country has been considered an affected area. In 2008, presence of B. xylophilus was confirmed in Spain. This paper reports on the biology, introduction, spread and the control of B. xylophilus as potential risk element in European coniferous forests.

scholarly journals Effects of cavitation on the development of pine wilt disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus.

1988 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 606-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko KURODA ◽  
Toshihiro YAMADA ◽  
Kazuhiko MINEO ◽  
Hirotada TAMURA
Keyword(s):  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pine Wilt
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