The role of technical efficiency, market competition and risk in the banking performance in G20 countries

PurposeRecently, the financial sector has faced significant challenges regarding the market competition, its technical efficiency and risk factors around the globe and gain recent researchers' intentions. Thus, the present study aims to examine the impact of technical efficiency, market competition and risk in banking performance in Group of Twenty (G20) countries.Design/methodology/approachData have been obtained from the World Development Indicator from 2008 to 2019. For analysis purpose, random effect model and generalized method of moments (GMMs) have been executed using Stata.FindingsThe results revealed that market competition and banks' capital efficiency have a positive impact on banking performance, while banks' lending efficiency and non-performing loans have a negative association with the banking sector performance of G20 countries. These outcomes provide the guidelines to the regulators that they should formulate the effective policies related to the lending practices and non-performing loans that could improve the banking sector performance worldwide.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has examined only three economic factors like the technical efficiency rate, market competition and risk element, and their influences on banking institutions' operational and economic performance. But the analysis has proved that except these factors, several factors affect banking institutions' operational and economic performance. Thus, future scholars recommend they analyze all the banking sector areas, pick more factors and enlighten their operational and economic performance influences. Moreover, the author of this article has chosen a particular source for collecting data to meet his study's objective. Only a single piece of software has been applied to analyze data; thus, the data collected for this paper may be incomplete, lack accuracy and reliability. Therefore, the future authors are recommended to use multiple sources to collect data and its analysis to ensure the comprehension, completeness and accuracy.Originality/valueLast but not least, this study with the evidences from the banking sector of G20 countries tries to show on the banking management how the risk element matters in the banking sector in an economy. It makes it clear in which areas the banking institutions may be exposed to the risks, and how much sever different kinds of risks may be. Thus, it motivates the management to set a body of persons within the organization to monitor the risks, to try to avoid them and to overcome the problems created by these risks events.

Municipal Waste Water Toxicity Evaluation with Vibrio Fisheri

Toxicity of municipal waste water observed by means of Vibrio fischeri proved a primary dependence between the content of organics and inhibition. A linear dependence between COD and inhibition determined by means of Vibrio fischeri was established. In 30 days following sampling organic matter was degraded and the value of inhibition fell from 80 % to 27.67 %. This value corresponds to the real impact of micropollutants (risk elements, organic micropollutants) on inhibition. The content of risk elements in municipal waste water implies that the values are significantly higher than EC50 defined for Daphnia magna. Risk element ecotoxicity is affected by the form of occurrence and it is thus probable that there are risk elements predominantly in the form of complexes in sewage water.

The Clinical Characteristics of Other HLA-B Types in Chinese Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients

HLA-B27 has an established relationship with the development of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). After reviewing the HLA-B genotype from 407 Chinese subjects (318 patients and 89 sex-matched controls), we found that 252 patients and 32 controls were HLA-B27(+) and that HLA-B*27:04 was the dominant HLA-B27 subtype (N = 224). In all participants, HLA*27:04 homozygous were only detected in two patients. In the HLA-B27(+) group, HLA-B40 was observed in 51 cases and one control (p < 0.05, OR = 7.87, 95% CI 1.05–59.0); of these, the most genotype was HLA-B*27:04/B*40:01(N = 38). Two hundred thirty-nine patients' clinical information was recorded. Cases with HLA-B27/B46 had more peripheral joint involvement (OR = 3.95, 95% CI 1.77–8.79) in HLA-B27(+) AS. HLA-B*15:02 may be a significant risk element to peripheral joint involvement (p < 0.05) in HLA-B27(−) patients. Therefore, we believe HLA-B*40:01, HLA-B*46:01, and HLA-B*15:02 can be the test indicators for AS diagnostic value.

Risk Governance: An Integrated Approach towards Risk Management in Banks

This research work aims at giving a conceptual framework as well as the need to embrace risk governance practice in the banking sector. The Banking industry is a highly volatile sector that is embodied with different categories of risk element with different magnitude that affects it operations on regular basis. The continue failures of banks which is attributed largely to their inability to manage risk element has led to the introduction of risk governance strategy as provided in Basel III. The risk governance practice therefore seeks to address all the risk management issues under a single control and make the management proactive in handling risk related issues.

NEW CHALLENGES FOR THE LEGAL EDUCATION IN LATVIA

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia adopted Regulation No. 46 “Procedures for the National Uniform Professional Legal Qualification Examination” on January 15, 2019. These rules will apply to students who started studies in the course of the professional master's study programme at the autumn semester of 2019; therefore, the first exam will be in 2021. The qualification examination will have the following parts: (1) the theoretical part in which detailed answers to 15 questions are provided in writing; (2) the practical part in which five practical tasks (case -studies) are dealt with in writing. Novelty of the research: this is one of the newest academic research concerning the mentioned examination which is something new for Latvian legal education, trying to make comparision with analogous Uniform Examination in Germany. The research aim is to analyse critically the new regulations and how will it affect existing master programmes of law in the universities of the Republic of Latvia. Descriptive, analytical and deductive-inductive research methods are used. Legal acts, policy planning documents and different reports were reviewed and analyzed, and subsequently conclusions and recommendations were made. On the one hand the introduction of the mentioned examination could contribute to increasing motivation of students, to acquiring deeper and more sustainable knowledge in law study programmes, which can be assessed positively. However, it is not clear what the criteria are, the content of what the requirements will be for the methodology for evaluating the National Uniform Professional Legal Qualification Examination, which is approved by the commission itself. This could be a risk element for transparency and uniform understanding during the development of examination questions and in the evaluation process of examination answers.