Psychobiology of Perceived Effort During Physical Tasks

Physical activity (PA) is considered essential to overall health yet it is consistently reported that children are failing to meet the recommended levels. Due to the bidirectional relationship between affective states and PA, affective responses are a potential predictor to long term engagement. Since late March 2020 the UK government enforced ‘lockdown’ measures to help control the spread of Coronavirus (COVID-19); however, this has impacted children’s PA. Using online resources at home to support PA is now common. The primary aim of this research was to investigate the use of the Change4Life 10-minute Shake Ups to support PA by examining the effects of Disney branding upon children’s (n=32) post activity affective responses and perceived exertion. The secondary was to investigate the effect of the lockdown on PA habits. Children had similar positive affective responses and perceived effort to activities; however, branding was considered to be a key contributing factor based upon qualitative feedback from parents. Children’s PA levels dropped slightly since ‘lockdown’ was imposed; though online resources have been utilised to support PA. The use of immersive elements such as characters and narrative in PA sessions, as well as utilising online resources during ‘lockdown’ appear potentially promising for future research.

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Influence of the artificial turf certification on physical performance and muscle damage in football players (QUALTURF PROJECT)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88192-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Javier Sanchez-Sanchez ◽

Jose Luis Felipe ◽

Antonio Hernandez-Martin ◽

David Viejo-Romero ◽

Vicente Javier Clemente-Suarez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Football Players ◽

Artificial Turf ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Perceived Effort ◽

Risk Of Injury ◽

Football Team ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Exercise Muscle ◽

Simulated Match

AbstractThis study aimed to analyse the influence of the FIFA Quality PRO certification of artificial turf pitches on the physical, physiological performance and muscle damage in soccer players. Fifteen healthy male players (21.2 ± 1.4 years; 178.2 ± 4.3 cm; 79.1 ± 8.3 kg) from a university football team were selected to participate in the research. Mechanical properties related to surface–player interaction were assessed on the two surfaces selected for this study. A randomized design was used and the players performed the Ball-sport Endurance and Sprint Test (BEAST90) on the different artificial turf fields. Average time of the 20 m sprints was longer on the FIFA Quality Pro surface than on the non-certified pitch (+ 0.13 s; p < 0.05; CI 95% − 0.01 to 0.27; ES: 0.305). The players’ perceived effort was higher in the first (+ 2.64; p < 0.05; CI 95% 0.92 to 4.35; ES: 1.421) and the second half (+ 1.35; p < 0.05; CI 95% − 0.02 to 2.72; ES: 0.637) of the test on the FIFA Quality Pro field. Comparative analysis between surfaces showed no significant differences in the time spent in each of the heart rate zones and higher concentrations of CK (+ 196.58; p > 0.05; CI 95% 66.54 to 326.61; ES: 1.645) were evidenced in the non-certified pitch surface. In response to a simulated match protocol, markers of post-exercise muscle damage may be reduced on accredited artificial turf fields. These insights can provide the opportunity to maximize the efficiency of training sessions and reduce the risk of injury during the season.

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Can Rules in Technical-Tactical Decisions Influence on Physical and Mental Load during Soccer Training? A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084313 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4313

Author(s):

Tomás García-Calvo ◽

Juan José Pulido ◽

José Carlos Ponce-Bordón ◽

Miguel Ángel López-Gajardo ◽

Israel Teoldo Costa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Fatigue ◽

Physical Load ◽

Mental Load ◽

Internal Load ◽

Score System ◽

Perceived Effort ◽

Minimum Number ◽

Soccer Training ◽

Tactical Decisions ◽

Performance Satisfaction

This study aimed to analyze the effects of rules limitations in pass decisions during soccer tasks on physical and mental load reported by players. Participants were 40 semiprofessional Spanish soccer players (Mage = 22.40, SD = 2.25) from two male teams. Two training sessions with four tasks (same tasks with different score system: two maintaining ball possession games with goalkeepers, and two maintaining ball possession games) in counterbalanced order between teams were completed. To achieve a goal during limitation tasks, a minimum number of players had to participate in the passes before the goal. Internal (perceived effort and heart rate) and external physical load (distances), mental load (validated adaptation of the NASA-TXL) and fatigue (VASfatigue) were quantified. Paired t-test and magnitude-based inference were conducted. The results showed significantly higher mean speeds (p < 0.01), effort perception (p < 0.001), and mental fatigue (very likely positive) during possession games with restrictions. Additionally, performance satisfaction obtained significantly higher values with goalkeepers and pass restrictions (very likely positive). External physical load showed no significant differences between situations. The influence of mental fatigue on internal load and the complexity of the tasks could explain these results. Coaches can use this information to manipulate the training load in ecological conditions.

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Perceived effort for reaching is associated with self-reported fatigue

Journal of Motor Behavior ◽

10.1080/00222895.2021.1871877 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Hui-Ting Goh ◽

Jill C Stewart ◽

Kevin Becker ◽

Cheng-Ju Hung

Keyword(s):

Perceived Effort

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Modelling the Additivity of Perceived Exertion in Symmetric, Mid-Sagittal Lifting

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/154193129403801017 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 38 (10) ◽

pp. 621-625 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Brian D. Lowe

Keyword(s):

Perceived Exertion ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Whole Body ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Perceived Effort ◽

Repetitive Lifting ◽

The Relationship ◽

Whole Body Exertion ◽

Lifting Task

Psychophysical approaches to quantifying perceived effort have been used to evaluate the physical demand of many industrial work activities. An experiment was conducted to examine the relationship between ratings of whole-body perceived exertion and differentiated, regional ratings of exertion. The Borg, CR-10 scale was used by 16 subjects performing a simulated repetitive lifting task. Ratings of perceived exertion were obtained for the arms, legs, torso, and central (cardiorespiratory) effort sensations as well as a rating of overall, whole-body exertion. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to predict the whole-body rating of exertion from the differentiated ratings in lifting tasks using both a squat and stoop posture. In the stoop posture condition the coefficient of determination between whole-body perceived exertion and the model including arm, torso, and central ratings was R2=0.81. In the squat posture condition, the final regression model predicting whole-body exertion contained only the rating from the legs (R2 = 0.62). Differentiated ratings explained the majority of the variance in whole-body perceived exertion for squat and stoop lifting tasks.

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Working Memory Capacity May Influence Perceived Effort during Aided Speech Recognition in Noise

Journal of the American Academy of Audiology ◽

10.3766/jaaa.23.7.7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (08) ◽

pp. 577-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Mary Rudner ◽

Thomas Lunner ◽

Thomas Behrens ◽

Elisabet Sundewall Thorén ◽

Jerker Rönnberg

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Speech Recognition ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Recognition Performance ◽

Cognitive Capacity ◽

Subjective Ratings ◽

Perceived Effort ◽

Noise Type ◽

Speech Recognition In Noise

Background: Recently there has been interest in using subjective ratings as a measure of perceived effort during speech recognition in noise. Perceived effort may be an indicator of cognitive load. Thus, subjective effort ratings during speech recognition in noise may covary both with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and individual cognitive capacity. Purpose: The present study investigated the relation between subjective ratings of the effort involved in listening to speech in noise, speech recognition performance, and individual working memory (WM) capacity in hearing impaired hearing aid users. Research Design: In two experiments, participants with hearing loss rated perceived effort during aided speech perception in noise. Noise type and SNR were manipulated in both experiments, and in the second experiment hearing aid compression release settings were also manipulated. Speech recognition performance was measured along with WM capacity. Study Sample: There were 46 participants in all with bilateral mild to moderate sloping hearing loss. In Experiment 1 there were 16 native Danish speakers (eight women and eight men) with a mean age of 63.5 yr (SD = 12.1) and average pure tone (PT) threshold of 47. 6 dB (SD = 9.8). In Experiment 2 there were 30 native Swedish speakers (19 women and 11 men) with a mean age of 70 yr (SD = 7.8) and average PT threshold of 45.8 dB (SD = 6.6). Data Collection and Analysis: A visual analog scale (VAS) was used for effort rating in both experiments. In Experiment 1, effort was rated at individually adapted SNRs while in Experiment 2 it was rated at fixed SNRs. Speech recognition in noise performance was measured using adaptive procedures in both experiments with Dantale II sentences in Experiment 1 and Hagerman sentences in Experiment 2. WM capacity was measured using a letter-monitoring task in Experiment 1 and the reading span task in Experiment 2. Results: In both experiments, there was a strong and significant relation between rated effort and SNR that was independent of individual WM capacity, whereas the relation between rated effort and noise type seemed to be influenced by individual WM capacity. Experiment 2 showed that hearing aid compression setting influenced rated effort. Conclusions: Subjective ratings of the effort involved in speech recognition in noise reflect SNRs, and individual cognitive capacity seems to influence relative rating of noise type.

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Sources of Performance Information in the Exercise Setting

Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology ◽

10.1123/jsep.12.1.56 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 56-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Vicki Ebbeck

Keyword(s):

Goal Setting ◽

Muscle Development ◽

Information Sources ◽

Weight Training ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Information Source ◽

Student Feedback ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Perceived Effort ◽

Gender Groups

This study examined the sources of information used by adult exercisers to judge performance. Of particular interest was the investigation of gender differences. Subjects, 271 adults (174 males, 97 females) who were enrolled in a university weight training program, completed a questionnaire designed to evaluate the importance of 12 information sources in judging weight training performance: instructor feedback, student feedback, student comparison, changes noticed outside the gym, personal attraction toward the activity, degree of perceived effort exerted in the workout, performance in workout, feedback from others not in the class, goal setting, muscle development, workout improvement over time, and ease in learning new skills. Results revealed a significant discriminant function analysis for gender, with six information sources entering the stepwise procedure: goal setting, student feedback, learning, effort, improvement, and changes noticed outside the gym differentiated the gender groups. Males relied more than females on student feedback as an information source to judge performance. Alternatively, females used effort, goal setting, improvement, and learning as information sources more than males.

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