scholarly journals Can Rules in Technical-Tactical Decisions Influence on Physical and Mental Load during Soccer Training? A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4313
Author(s):  
Tomás García-Calvo ◽  
Juan José Pulido ◽  
José Carlos Ponce-Bordón ◽  
Miguel Ángel López-Gajardo ◽  
Israel Teoldo Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Physical Load ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Score System ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Soccer Training ◽  
Tactical Decisions ◽  
Performance Satisfaction

This study aimed to analyze the effects of rules limitations in pass decisions during soccer tasks on physical and mental load reported by players. Participants were 40 semiprofessional Spanish soccer players (Mage = 22.40, SD = 2.25) from two male teams. Two training sessions with four tasks (same tasks with different score system: two maintaining ball possession games with goalkeepers, and two maintaining ball possession games) in counterbalanced order between teams were completed. To achieve a goal during limitation tasks, a minimum number of players had to participate in the passes before the goal. Internal (perceived effort and heart rate) and external physical load (distances), mental load (validated adaptation of the NASA-TXL) and fatigue (VASfatigue) were quantified. Paired t-test and magnitude-based inference were conducted. The results showed significantly higher mean speeds (p < 0.01), effort perception (p < 0.001), and mental fatigue (very likely positive) during possession games with restrictions. Additionally, performance satisfaction obtained significantly higher values with goalkeepers and pass restrictions (very likely positive). External physical load showed no significant differences between situations. The influence of mental fatigue on internal load and the complexity of the tasks could explain these results. Coaches can use this information to manipulate the training load in ecological conditions.

scholarly journals Coach Encouragement During Soccer Practices Can Influence Players’ Mental and Physical Loads

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
Jesús Díaz-García ◽  
Juan José Pulido ◽  
José Carlos Ponce-Bordón ◽  
Carlos Cano-Prado ◽  
Miguel Ángel López-Gajardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Physical Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Likert Scales ◽  
System A ◽  
Performance Satisfaction ◽  
Verbal Encouragement

Abstract This study analyzed the influence of the coaches’ encouragement on the mental and physical load in soccer practices. The participants were 36 semiprofessional Spanish soccer players (Mage = 22.40; SD = 2.25) belonging to two male teams and one female team. Following the same practices’ design and order, two training sessions of each team were completed. In one session, coaches maintained a passive verbal attitude, whereas in the other session, coaches intervened with an active attitude through continuous general encouragement. The mental load and fatigue were measured using self-reported questionnaires (Likert scales), and internal and external physical loads were quantified using the rating of perceived exertion and the Global Position System. A t-test for related samples and magnitude based on an inference spreadsheet was performed. The results demonstrated that mental and internal physical loads increased when coaches participated with active verbal encouragement. Especially, increases in performance satisfaction, mental effort, and RPE values, and decreases in unsafety values were detected due to encouragement interventions. Nevertheless, the external physical load did not show a clear trend. Based on these findings, coaches can use this information to manipulate their verbal encouragement during practices according to their physical and mental objectives with specific soccer strategies

Expected Task Duration and Perceived Effort: An Attributional Analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter J. Rejeski ◽  
Paul M. Ribisl
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Task Duration ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Attributional Analysis ◽  
Male Subjects

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of anticipated task duration on ratings of perceived exertion during treadmill running. Male subjects.(N = 15) completed two separate runs on a motor-driven treadmill at 85% V02 max. During one trial, subjects ran for a period of 20 minutes, while for a second trial, subjects were led to believe that they would be running for 30 minutes. In each case, the trials were terminated at the 20-minute mark. Ratings of perceived exertion, heart rates, respiratory rates, and ventilatory minute volumes were collected across each trial. Results supported the supposition that the anticipation of continued performance mediated ratings of effort expenditure. This effect was obtained only during moderate work levels and was in contrast to research examining mental fatigue.

scholarly journals Analysing the Relationship Between Mental Load or Mental Effort and Metacomprehension Under Different Conditions of Multimedia Design

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenka Schnaubert ◽  
Sascha Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Mental Effort ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Multimedia Design ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Multimedia Material ◽  
Metacognitive Processes ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive load theory assumes effort may only lead to comprehension if the material-induced load leaves enough resources for learning processes. Therefore, multimedia materials should induce as little non-relevant load as possible. Metacognition research assumes that learners tap into their memory processes to generate a mental representation of their comprehension to regulate learning. However, when judging their comprehension, learners need to make inferences about actual understanding using cues such as their experienced mental load and effort during learning. Theoretical assumptions would assume both to affect understanding and its metacognitive representation (metacomprehension). However, the question remains how perceived effort and load are related to metacomprehension judgments while learning with multimedia learning material. Additionally, it remains unclear if this varies under different conditions of multimedia design. To better understand the relationship between perceived mental load and effort and comprehension and metacomprehension under different design conditions of multimedia material, we conducted a randomised between-subjects study (N = 156) varying the design of the learning material (text-picture integrated, split attention, active integration). Mediation analyses testing for both direct and indirect effects of mental load and effort on metacomprehension judgments showed various effects. Beyond indirect effects via comprehension, both mental load and effort were directly related to metacomprehension, however, this seems to vary under different conditions of multimedia design, at least for mental effort. As the direction of effect can only be theoretically assumed, but was not empirically tested, follow-up research needs to identify ways to manipulate effort and load perceptions without tinkering with metacognitive processes directly. Despite the limitations due to the correlative design, this research has implications for our understanding of cognitive and metacognitive processes during learning with multimedia.

Differential Ratings of Perceived Match and Training Exertion in Girls’ Soccer

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1315-1323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Wright ◽  
Francisco Songane ◽  
Stacey Emmonds ◽  
Paul Chesterton ◽  
Matthew Weston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Ratings Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
The Face ◽  
Soccer Training ◽  
Shared Variance ◽  
Fitness Training ◽  
And Training

Purpose: To understand the validity of differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) as a measure of girls’ training and match internal loads. Methods: Using the centiMax scale (CR100), session dRPE for breathlessness (sRPE-B) and leg muscle exertion (sRPE-L) were collected across a season of training (soccer, resistance, and fitness) and matches from 33 players (15 [1] y). Differences and associations between dRPE were examined using mixed and general linear models. The authors’ minimal practical important difference was 8 arbitrary units (AU). Results: Mean (AU [SD] ∼16) sRPE-B and sRPE-L were 66 and 61 for matches, 51 and 49 for soccer, 86 and 67 for fitness, and 45 and 58 for resistance, respectively. Session RPE-B was rated most likely harder than sRPE-L for fitness (19 AU; 90% confidence limits: ±7) and most likely easier for resistance (−13; ±2). Match (5; ±4) and soccer (−3; ±2) differences were likely to most likely trivial. The within-player relationships between sRPE-B and sRPE-L were very likely moderate for matches (r = .44; 90% confidence limits: ±.12) and resistance training (.38; ±.06), likely large for fitness training (.51; ±.22), and most likely large for soccer training (.56; ±.03). Shared variance ranged from 14% to 35%. Conclusions: Practically meaningful differences between dRPE following physical training sessions coupled with low shared variance in all training types and matches suggest that sRPE-B and sRPE-L represent unique sensory inputs in girls’ soccer players. The data provide evidence for the face and construct validity of dRPE as a measure of internal load in this population.

scholarly journals Relación entre indicadores de carga interna en un juego reducido 3x3 en jóvenes futbolistas (Relationship between internal load indicators in a 3-a-side small-sided game in young soccer players)

Retos ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 152-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Romero-Caballero ◽  
Miguel Ángel Campos-Vázquez
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Practical Tool ◽  
The Relationship

El objetivo de esta investigación fue comprobar si existía relación entre el esfuerzo percibido por los jugadores (RPE Borg-10) y el porcentaje de frecuencia cardiaca de reserva (%FCres), como métodos para monitorizar la carga interna durante juegos en espacios reducidos (SSG) en futbolistas de categoría alevín, infantil y cadete. 36 jóvenes futbolistas del mismo club, pertenecientes a tres categorías diferentes, participaron en este estudio: alevín (media ± dt): (11,76 ± 0,31 años), infantil (12,78 ± 0,37) y cadete (15,25 ± 0,53). Todos realizaron dos SSG 3x3 con una duración de 4 series de 4 minutos, con descansos de 3 minutos entre estas. La frecuencia cardiaca (FC) estuvo constantemente registrada y el esfuerzo percibido de cada participante (RPE Borg-10) fue anotado después de cada una de las series de ambos SSG. Se realizó un ANOVA de medidas repetidas para comparar los valores medios inter-serie de las diferentes variables y un ANOVA de un factor para comparar los valores medios de cada variable durante el SSG completo entre las diferentes categorías. También se utilizó el análisis de correlación de Pearson para comprobar la relación entre el %FCres y la RPE en diferentes momentos y en función de las categorías. De estos análisis se deriva una relación moderada y estadísticamente significativa (r= .41; p<0.05) entre la RPE de los futbolistas y su % FCres durante los SSG. Estos resultados confirman que la RPE es una herramienta práctica a la hora de evaluar la carga interna durante SSG en las primeras etapas formativas en futbol.Abstract. The main purpose of this work was to verify if there was a relation between players’ perceived effort (RPE Borg-10) and the percentage of reserve heart rate (%HRres) as methods to monitor the internal load during small sided games (SSG) in U-16, U-14 and U-12 soccer players. A group of 36 young soccer players from the same club, divided into three categories: U-12 (mean ± ds: 11.76 ± 0.31 years), U-14 (12.78 ± 0.37) and U-16 (15.25 ± 0.53), participated in this study. All of them performed two SSG with a duration of 4 sets of 4 minutes, with a 3-minute rest period between them. Heart rate (HR) was constantly recorded and each participant’s perceived effort (RPE Borg-10) was recorded after each of the series of both SSG. Repeated-measure ANOVA was performed to compare mean inter-series values of the different variables, whereas one-way ANOVA was run to compare mean values of each variable during the complete SSG between the different categories. Pearson correlation analysis was also used to verify the relationship between %HRres and RPE at different times and according to the categories. From these analyses, a moderate and statistically significant relationship (r= .41; p<0.05) was derived between soccer players’ RPE and %HRres during SSG. These results confirm that RPE is a practical tool when evaluating SSG internal load in the first formative stages in soccer.

scholarly journals Mental fatigue prediction during eye-typing

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246739
Author(s):  
Tanya Bafna ◽  
Per Bækgaard ◽  
John Paulin Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Random Forest Regression ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Continuous Scale ◽  
Eye Typing ◽  
Variance Explained ◽  
Blink Frequency

Mental fatigue is a common problem associated with neurological disorders. Until now, there has not been a method to assess mental fatigue on a continuous scale. Camera-based eye-typing is commonly used for communication by people with severe neurological disorders. We designed a working memory-based eye-typing experiment with 18 healthy participants, and obtained eye-tracking and typing performance data in addition to their subjective scores on perceived effort for every sentence typed and mental fatigue, to create a model of mental fatigue for eye-typing. The features of the model were the eye-based blink frequency, eye height and baseline-related pupil diameter. We predicted subjective ratings of mental fatigue on a six-point Likert scale, using random forest regression, with 22% lower mean absolute error than using simulations. When additionally including task difficulty (i.e. the difficulty of the sentences typed) as a feature, the variance explained by the model increased by 9%. This indicates that task difficulty plays an important role in modelling mental fatigue. The results demonstrate the feasibility of objective and non-intrusive measurement of fatigue on a continuous scale.

scholarly journals The Effect of Mental Fatigue on Half-Marathon Performance: a Pragmatic Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Gattoni ◽  
Barry Vincent O’Neill ◽  
Federico Schena ◽  
Samuele Maria Marcora
Keyword(s):  
Pragmatic Trial ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Equivalence Testing ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Endurance Tests ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Harmful Effects ◽  
Marathon Performance

Abstract Purpose It is well established that mental fatigue impairs performance during lab-based endurance tests lasting < 45 min. However, the effects of mental fatigue on longer-duration endurance events and in field settings are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mental fatigue on performance during a half-marathon race.Methods Forty-six male amateur runners (means ± SD: age 43.8 ± 8.6 years, V̇O2max 46.0 ± 4.1 ml/kg/min) completed an half-marathon after being randomly allocated to performing a 50-min mentally-fatiguing task (mental fatigue group) or reading magazines for 50 min (control group). Running speed, heart rate, and perceived effort were measured during the race.Results The mental fatigue group completed the half-marathon approximately four minutes slower (106.2 ± 12.4 min) than the control group (102.4 ± 10.2 min), but this difference was not statistically significant (Cohen’s d = 0.333; p = 0.265). However, equivalence was not established (t(40.88) = 0.239, p = 0.594) and equivalence testing analysis excluded a worthwhile positive effect of mental fatigue on half-marathon performance.Conclusion Due to its posttest-only design and the achievable sample size, the study did not have enough power to provide evidence that the observed 4-minute increase in half-marathon time is statistically significant. However, equivalence testing suggests that mental fatigue has no beneficial effects on half-marathon performance in male amateur runners, and harmful effects cannot be excluded. Overall, it seems prudent for endurance athletes to avoid mentally-fatiguing tasks before competitions.

scholarly journals The Putt and the Pendulum: Ironic Effects of the Mental Control of Action

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Wegner ◽  
Matthew Ansfield ◽  
Daniel Pilloff
Keyword(s):  
Physical Load ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Mental Control ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Ironic Effects ◽  
Undesirable Outcome ◽  
Do So

People sometimes find themselves making movement errors that represent the ironic opposite of what they intended to do. These studies examined this tendency in the case of putting a golf ball and swinging a handheld pendulum, and found that ironic errors were particularly likely when participants who were instructed to avoid them tried to do so under mental load or physical load. The idea that such errors may be prompted by a monitoring process that increases sensitivity to the most undesirable outcome of an intention was supported by the finding of a tendency for ironic errors to be more evident when participants were allowed to monitor their action visually than when they could not.

scholarly journals Komparácia vnútorného zaťaženia brankárov vo futbale v tréningovom procese

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matej Babic ◽  
Miroslav Holienka
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
T Test ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Internal Load ◽  
Soccer Training ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Heart Rate

The main topic of our research was to determine the internal load of goalkeepers in the soccer training process. We focused on the analysis of the achieved heart rate values. In this way we wanted to extend the knowledge of the impact of the various methodical forms on the internal load on soccer goalkeepers, there by supporting the effort to improve the youth training process. We assumed the goalkeepers reached a  significantly different level of heart rate in different methodical forms. Six goalkeeper’s (U16, U17, U19) internal load were analysed by POLAR Team2. To determine statistical significance, we used the Wilcoxon T-test and then we calculated Cohen r (effect size). We found significantly different mean heart rate values in individual methodical forms (T = 0; p ≤ 0.05; r = 0.9).

Mood, Physical, and Mental Load in Spanish Teachers of Urban School: The Role of Intensive or Split Shift

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 759-773
Author(s):  
Salvador Boix Vilella ◽  
Eva León Zarceño ◽  
Miguel Ángel Serrano Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Research ◽  
Emotional Stability ◽  
Mental Fatigue ◽  
Psychosocial Risk ◽  
Burnout Syndrome ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Satisfaction With Supervision ◽  
Morning Shift

Psychosocial risk factors threaten the health of teachers, who are considered to be a group at high risk of suffering burnout syndrome. The objective of this study is to measure the levels of work satisfaction, burnout, engagement, emotional stability, fatigue, and mood of teachers, depending on their workday: intensive or split shift. A nonexperimental, descriptive–comparative research design is proposed for this study. A follow-up questionnaire has been developed to assess a teacher’s levels of physical fatigue, mental fatigue, and mood at the beginning and end of the 9 days of work analyzed. The study sample consisted of 125 teachers (102 women and 23 men) with a mean age of 38.67 years ( SD = 9.51) and 10.02 years of experience in teaching. The results show that the group of teachers working the traditional morning and afternoon shift present greater levels of physical and mental fatigue, worse mood, and less job satisfaction with supervision. However, there were no significant differences in levels of emotional stability, burnout, and engagement between the two groups of teachers. In short, it can be considered that the single morning shift generates higher levels of health among teachers.

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