Circadian and Seasonal Timing of Insect Olfactory Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 135-149
Author(s):  
Sakiko Shiga
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Timing ◽  
Olfactory Systems

Ultrastructural analysis of unique glycoconjugates in the rat olfactory system

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 890-891
Author(s):  
James E. Crandall ◽  
Linda C. Hassinger ◽  
Gerald A. Schwarting
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Patterns ◽  
Carbohydrate Epitopes ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Cell Surface Glycoconjugates

Cell surface glycoconjugates are considered to play important roles in cell-cell interactions in the developing central nervous system. We have previously described a group of monoclonal antibodies that recognize defined carbohydrate epitopes and reveal unique temporal and spatial patterns of immunoreactivity in the developing main and accessory olfactory systems in rats. Antibody CC2 reacts with complex α-galactosyl and α-fucosyl glycoproteins and glycolipids. Antibody CC1 reacts with terminal N-acetyl galactosamine residues of globoside-like glycolipids. Antibody 1B2 reacts with β-galactosyl glycolipids and glycoproteins. Our light microscopic data suggest that these antigens may be located on the surfaces of axons of the vomeronasal and olfactory nerves as well as on some of their target neurons in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs.

scholarly journals Statistical Evaluation of Total Expiratory Breath Samples Collected throughout a Year: Reproducibility and Applicability toward Olfactory Sensor-Based Breath Diagnostics

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 4742
Author(s):  
Katsushige Inada ◽  
Hiroshi Kojima ◽  
Yukiko Cho-Isoda ◽  
Ryo Tamura ◽  
Gaku Imamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Evaluation ◽  
Target Material ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Humidity Effects ◽  
Signal Features ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
Membrane Type ◽  
Robust Protocol

The endogenous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath can be promising biomarkers for various diseases including cancers. An olfactory sensor has a possibility for extracting a specific feature from collective variations of the related VOCs with a certain health condition. For this approach, it is important to establish a feasible protocol for sampling exhaled breath in practical conditions to provide reproducible signal features. Here we report a robust protocol for the breath analysis, focusing on total expiratory breath measured by a Membrane-type Surface stress Sensor (MSS), which possesses practical characteristics for artificial olfactory systems. To assess its reproducibility, 83 exhaled breath samples were collected from one subject throughout more than a year. It has been confirmed that the reduction of humidity effects on the sensing signals either by controlling the humidity of purging room air or by normalizing the signal intensities leads to reasonable reproducibility verified by statistical analyses. We have also demonstrated the applicability of the protocol for detecting a target material by discriminating exhaled breaths collected from different subjects with pre- and post-alcohol ingestion on different occasions. This simple yet reproducible protocol based on the total expiratory breath measured by the MSS olfactory sensors will contribute to exploring the possibilities of clinical applications of breath diagnostics.

Fitness of juvenile lizards depends on seasonal timing of hatching, not offspring body size

Oecologia ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 154 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Warner ◽  
Richard Shine
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Seasonal Timing

Coherent network oscillations by olfactory interneurons: modulation by endogenous amines

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1930-1939 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gelperin ◽  
L. D. Rhines ◽  
J. Flores ◽  
D. W. Tank
Keyword(s):  
Second Messengers ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Odor Recognition ◽  
Axonal Projections ◽  
Odor Learning ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
Olfactory Interneurons ◽  
Limax Maximus ◽  
Local Field Potential Lfp

1. The procerebral (PC) lobe of the terrestrial mollusk Limax maximus contains a highly interconnected network of local olfactory interneurons that receives direct axonal projections from the two pairs of noses. This olfactory processing network generates a 0.7-Hz oscillation in its local field potential (LFP) that is coherent throughout the network. The oscillating LFP is modulated by natural odorants applied to the neuroepithelium of the superior nose. 2. Two amines known to be present in the PC lobe, dopamine and serotonin, increase the frequency of the PC lobe oscillation and alter its waveform. 3. Glutamate, another putative neurotransmitter known to be present in the lobe, suppresses the PC lobe oscillation by a quisqualate-type receptor and appears to be used by one of the two classes of neurons in the PC lobe to generate the basic LFP oscillation. 4. The known activation of second messengers in Limax PC lobe by dopamine and serotonin together with their effects on the oscillatory rhythm suggest the hypothesis that these amines augment mechanisms mediating synaptic plasticity in the olfactory network, similar to hypothesized effects of amines in vertebrate olfactory systems. 5. The use of a distributed network of interneurons showing coherent oscillations may relate to the highly developed odor recognition and odor learning ability of Limax.

ODOR MIXTURES AND CHEMOSENSORY ADAPTATION IN GAS SENSOR ARRAYS

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO GUTIERREZ-OSUNA ◽  
NILESH U. POWAR
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Sensor ◽  
Sensor Arrays ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Chemical Sensor Array ◽  
Binary And Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
Odor Mixtures ◽  
Input Adaptation

Inspired by the process of olfactory adaptation in biological olfactory systems, this article presents two algorithms that allow a chemical sensor array to reduce its sensitivity to odors previously detected in the environment. The first algorithm is based on a committee machine of linear discriminant functions that operate on multiple subsets of the overall sensory input. Adaptation occurs by depressing the voting strength of discriminant functions that display higher sensitivity to previously detected odors. The second algorithm is based on a topology-preserving linear projection derived from Fisher's class separability criteria. In this case, the process of adaptation is implemented through a reformulation of the between-to-within-class scatter eigenvalue problem. The proposed algorithms are validated on two datasets of binary and ternary mixtures of organic solvents using an array of temperature-modulated metal-oxide chemoresistors.

scholarly journals Interpreting the Spatial-Temporal Structure of Turbulent Chemical Plumes Utilized in Odor Tracking by Lobsters

Fluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Kyle W. Leathers ◽  
Brenden T. Michaelis ◽  
Matthew A. Reidenbach
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Spiny Lobster ◽  
Search Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Olfactory Receptor Neurons ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
Information Problem ◽  
Odor Signal

Olfactory systems in animals play a major role in finding food and mates, avoiding predators, and communication. Chemical tracking in odorant plumes has typically been considered a spatial information problem where individuals navigate towards higher concentration. Recent research involving chemosensory neurons in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, show they possess rhythmically active or ‘bursting’ olfactory receptor neurons that respond to the intermittency in the odor signal. This suggests a possible, previously unexplored olfactory search strategy that enables lobsters to utilize the temporal variability within a turbulent plume to track the source. This study utilized computational fluid dynamics to simulate the turbulent dispersal of odorants and assess a number of search strategies thought to aid lobsters. These strategies include quantification of concentration magnitude using chemosensory antennules and leg chemosensors, simultaneous sampling of water velocities using antennule mechanosensors, and utilization of antennules to quantify intermittency of the odorant plume. Results show that lobsters can utilize intermittency in the odorant signal to track an odorant plume faster and with greater success in finding the source than utilizing concentration alone. However, the additional use of lobster leg chemosensors reduced search time compared to both antennule intermittency and concentration strategies alone by providing spatially separated odorant sensors along the body.

scholarly journals Pregnancy Changes the Response of the Vomeronasal and Olfactory Systems to Pups in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cinta Navarro-Moreno ◽  
Maria Jose Sanchez-Catalan ◽  
Manuela Barneo-Muñoz ◽  
Rafael Goterris-Cerisuelo ◽  
Maria Belles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Vomeronasal Organ ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Bed Nucleus ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Pup Retrieval ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Pregnancy Hormones

Motherhood entails changes in behavior with increased motivation for pups, induced in part by pregnancy hormones acting upon the brain. This work explores whether this alters sensory processing of pup-derived chemosignals. To do so, we analyse the expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) in the vomeronasal organ (VNO; Egr1) and centers of the olfactory and vomeronasal brain pathways (cFos) in virgin and late-pregnant females exposed to pups, as compared to buttons (socially neutral control). In pup-exposed females, we quantified diverse behaviors including pup retrieval, sniffing, pup-directed attack, nest building and time in nest or on nest, as well as time off nest. Pups induce Egr1 expression in the VNO of females, irrespective of their physiological condition, thus suggesting the existence of VNO-detected pup chemosignals. A similar situation is found in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) and posteromedial part of the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTMPM). By contrast, in the medial amygdala and posteromedial cortical amygdala (PMCo), responses to pups-vs-buttons are different in virgin and late-pregnant females, thus suggesting altered sensory processing during late pregnancy. The olfactory system also shows changes in sensory processing with pregnancy. In the main olfactory bulbs, as well as the anterior and posterior piriform cortex, buttons activate cFos expression in virgins more than in pregnant females. By contrast, in the anterior and especially posterior piriform cortex, pregnant females show more activation by pups than buttons. Correlation between IEGs expression and behavior suggests the existence of two vomeronasal subsystems: one associated to pup care (with PMCo as its main center) and another related to pup-directed aggression observed in some pregnant females (with the BSTMPM as the main nucleus). Our data also suggest a coactivation of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems during interaction with pups in pregnant females.

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