The Gains and Losses Puzzle in Discounting for Long-Term Investments: Reinterpreting Ramsey Approach for Intergenerational Perspective

2019 ◽  
pp. 243-260
Author(s):  
Monika Foltyn-Zarychta
Keyword(s):  
Gains And Losses

scholarly journals Transformed Canine and Murine Mesenchymal Stem Cells as a Model for Sarcoma with Complex Genomics

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1126
Author(s):  
Natasja Franceschini ◽  
Bas Verbruggen ◽  
Marianna A. Tryfonidou ◽  
Alwine B. Kruisselbrink ◽  
Hans Baelde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copy Number ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cell Of Origin ◽  
Mesenchymal Tumors ◽  
Spontaneous Transformation ◽  
Exon 2 ◽  
Species Analysis ◽  
Gains And Losses

Sarcomas are rare mesenchymal tumors with a broad histological spectrum, but they can be divided into two groups based on molecular pathology: sarcomas with simple or complex genomics. Tumors with complex genomics can have aneuploidy and copy number gains and losses, which hampers the detection of early, initiating events in tumorigenesis. Often, no benign precursors are known, which is why good models are essential. The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is the presumed cell of origin of sarcoma. In this study, MSCs of murine and canine origin are used as a model to identify driver events for sarcomas with complex genomic alterations as they transform spontaneously after long-term culture. All transformed murine but not canine MSCs formed sarcomas after subcutaneous injection in mice. Using whole genome sequencing, spontaneously transformed murine and canine MSCs displayed a complex karyotype with aneuploidy, point mutations, structural variants, inter-chromosomal translocations, and copy number gains and losses. Cross-species analysis revealed that point mutations in Tp53/Trp53 are common in transformed murine and canine MSCs. Murine MSCs with a cre-recombinase induced deletion of exon 2-10 of Trp53 transformed earlier compared to wild-type murine MSCs, confirming the contribution of loss of p53 to spontaneous transformation. Our comparative approach using transformed murine and canine MSCs points to a crucial role for p53 loss in the formation of sarcomas with complex genomics.

scholarly journals What has happened and what has not happened due to the coronavirus disease pandemic: a systemic perspective on policy change

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Knill ◽  
Yves Steinebach
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Policy Agenda ◽  
Economic Crises ◽  
Policy Area ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Policy Transformations ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Academic Debate

Abstract The societal and policy transformations associated with the coronavirus disease pandemic are currently subject of intense academic debate. In this paper, we contribute to this debate by adopting a systemic perspective on policy change, shedding light on the hidden and indirect crisis effects. Based on a comprehensive analysis of policy agenda developments in Germany, we find that the pandemic led to profound shifts in political attention across policy areas. We demonstrate that these agenda gains and losses per policy area vary by the extent to which the respective areas can be presented as relevant in managing the coronavirus disease crisis and its repercussions. Moreover, relying on the analysis of past four economic crises, we also find that there is limited potential for catching up dynamics after the crisis is over. Policy areas that lost agenda share during crisis are unlikely to make up for these losses by strong attention gains once the crisis is over. Crises have hence substantial, long-term and so far, neglected effects on policymaking in modern democracies.

scholarly journals Laos and China's Belt and Road Initiative – Gains and Losses

2021 ◽  
pp. 166-173
Author(s):  
Natalia G. Rogozhina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Road Project ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Railway Construction Project

The article analyzes the consequences of Laos' participation in the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative. The benefits acquired and possible losses are assessed. The construction of a railway in Laos, linking it to China, is the most successful Belt and Road project in Southeast Asia, which has a special place in China's strategic plans. The railway construction project is of great economic importance for Laos and in the future can stimulate its economic growth. At the same time, there is a risk of falling into debt dependence on China. The ability of Laos to meet its debt obligations will depend on the profitability of the project, which, however, raises many questions, since the project is more focused on the short-term interests of China than on the long-term interests of Laos. Whether Laos will be able to economically benefit from the construction of the railway remains questionable. But there is no doubt that China will benefit. China will not only strengthen economic presence in this country, relying on the support of the local elite, but also use Laos as a springboard to move deeper into Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals The 1980 Federation of Labour Conference

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (2/3) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Harbridge
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Leadership Team ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Trade Union Movement ◽  
Union Movement ◽  
Look Back ◽  
Deep Significance ◽  
Gains And Losses

The Forty-Third Annual Conference of the New Zealand Federation of Labour (FoL) was held in the Wellington Town Hall from 6 to 9 May 1980. The credentials committee of the conference reported that "there were 409 delegates attending and three National officers, which included 45 women delegates, exercising a total of 625 votes". This conference was significant as a meeting of trade unionists for three reasons. First, as the first conference of the 80s, the opportunity existed for a look back at the late seveties - the chance to review gains and losses - and the chance to look forward to the early eighties, and to assess the difficulties and challenges that would face New Zealand's trade union movement. Second, this conference was significant in terms of leadership. This was the first annual conference for the newly elected President, Jim Knox, and the Secretary, Ken Douglas, and the progress of this new leadership team was an issue for some delegates - not to mention some politicians and some journalists. Third, a number of long term policy decisions were proposed - the effects of which would have deep significance for the future of the Union movement.

scholarly journals Gains and Losses in Life Expectancy with Care Needs from the Elimination of Diseases in Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miyuki Kawado ◽  
Shuji Hashimoto ◽  
Hiroya Yamada ◽  
Rumi Seko ◽  
Toshiyuki Ojima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Long Term Care Insurance ◽  
Older Populations ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Evaluating the impact of diseases on expected years of life with care needs is important in older populations. We examined gains or losses in expected years with care needs at age 65 years in Japan.Methods: We used Japanese national health statistics data, including care needs, based on long-term care insurance. The number of expected years with and without care needs at age 65 years, after the elimination of five selected diseases in 2010, 2013, and 2016 were calculated using a proposed method.Results: Expected years without care needs at age 65 years increased from 17.15 years in 2010 to 17.82 years in 2016 for men and from 20.24 to 20.74 years for women; expected years with care needs were between 1.70 and 1.73 years for men and between 3.59 and 3.66 years for women. Elimination of malignant neoplasms and heart diseases led to gains in expected years with and without care needs. Elimination of cerebrovascular diseases, arthropathies, and dementia showed gains in expected years without care needs and losses in expected years with care needs. Gains and losses from elimination of dementia expanded each year but those from elimination of other diseases compressed.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the prevention of dementia, cerebrovascular diseases, and arthropathies lead to more expected years without care needs and fewer expected years with care needs. The impact of dementia might increase and that of other diseases might decrease each year.

scholarly journals Analysis of efficiency of the regulated transportation coach operator by stochastic frontier of Cobb-Douglas and translog functions: the case of the interstate passenger coach transportation in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 08-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Giusepe Donato Martins ◽  
Francisco Gildemir Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Carlos Henrique Rocha ◽  
Marcelo Queiroz ◽  
Carlos Eduardo Freire Araújo
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Regulated Industries ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

The theme about efficiency and productivity of companies that act in regulated industries have been extensively discussed in literature. In Brazil, there are just a few studies about the analysis of efficiency and productivity of interstate passenger coach transportation (trip). in this sense, this paper has three main objectives: to choose between the Cobb-Douglas and translog functions which is the best function to measure the technical efficiency on trip for the period of 2004-2006; to compare the efficiency scores among the companies of trip; and to make an analysis of the efficiency dynamic on trip and the factors that contributed for the gains and losses of the efficiency. It can be a strategy to competition in a long term. The results indicate a loss of efficiency during the years analyzed and this loss is probably due to the expansion of the capacity installed by acquisition of new buses, it can be a strategy to compete in quantity. The increase in production in 2005 based on 2004 is 4%; however, it was accompanied by an increase of 6% and 26% of annual distance traveled in km and employment of labor (drivers,) respectively, and 31% reduction in fleet use, with similar results for 2006.

scholarly journals The Effect of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Bilingual Singaporean Children’s Leisure Reading

AERA Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 233285842110338
Author(s):  
Baoqi Sun ◽  
Chin Ee Loh ◽  
Beth Ann O’Brien ◽  
Rita Elaine Silver
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Learning Gains ◽  
Summer Reading ◽  
Leisure Reading ◽  
Reading Loss ◽  
Digital Formats ◽  
Print Reading ◽  
Gains And Losses

Long-term school absences during pandemic lockdowns may result in learning gains and losses much like the summer reading loss, but little is known about the actual effects of such lockdowns. This mixed-methods study examined changes in reading enjoyment, amount and resources in three groups of bilingual children—English-Chinese, English-Malay, and English-Tamil speaking children—during the COVID-19 lockdown in Singapore. Results reveal a lockdown reading gap between children’s stronger language (English) and weaker language (Chinese/Malay/Tamil). Within each language, results show differential reading gains and losses for children who enjoyed and did not enjoy reading in print and digital formats. Children’s reading enjoyment before the lockdown, changes in reading enjoyment and print reading amount during the lockdown in English and Chinese/Malay were significantly correlated. Children preferred print reading over reading digitally both before and during the lockdown, and devices were underutilized for reading purposes.

scholarly journals Perceptual Gains and Losses in Synesthesia and Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa M van Leeuwen ◽  
Andreas Sauer ◽  
Anna-Maria Jurjut ◽  
Michael Wibral ◽  
Peter J Uhlhaas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Prior Beliefs ◽  
The World ◽  
Sensory Evidence ◽  
Perceptual Variability ◽  
Gains And Losses

Abstract Individual differences in perception are widespread. Considering inter-individual variability, synesthetes experience stable additional sensations; schizophrenia patients suffer perceptual deficits in, eg, perceptual organization (alongside hallucinations and delusions). Is there a unifying principle explaining inter-individual variability in perception? There is good reason to believe perceptual experience results from inferential processes whereby sensory evidence is weighted by prior knowledge about the world. Perceptual variability may result from different precision weighting of sensory evidence and prior knowledge. We tested this hypothesis by comparing visibility thresholds in a perceptual hysteresis task across medicated schizophrenia patients (N = 20), synesthetes (N = 20), and controls (N = 26). Participants rated the subjective visibility of stimuli embedded in noise while we parametrically manipulated the availability of sensory evidence. Additionally, precise long-term priors in synesthetes were leveraged by presenting either synesthesia-inducing or neutral stimuli. Schizophrenia patients showed increased visibility thresholds, consistent with overreliance on sensory evidence. In contrast, synesthetes exhibited lowered thresholds exclusively for synesthesia-inducing stimuli suggesting high-precision long-term priors. Additionally, in both synesthetes and schizophrenia patients explicit, short-term priors—introduced during the hysteresis experiment—lowered thresholds but did not normalize perception. Our results imply that perceptual variability might result from differences in the precision afforded to prior beliefs and sensory evidence, respectively.

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