The Gendarmerie of the Habsburg Empire During the First World War

2019 ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Helmut Gebhardt
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

Between Poland and Hungary

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Guy Miron
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
External Force ◽  
First World War ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Anti Jewish ◽  
First World

IN THE WAKE of the First World War Poland and Hungary became independent states. Poland, which for some 130 years had been partitioned between its neighbouring empires—Russia, Austria, and Prussia—now gained independence, including in its territory some predominantly Ukrainian and Belarusian areas which had been part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Hungary, which had enjoyed extensive autonomy since the Ausgleich (Austro-Hungarian Compromise) of 1867, was now severed from the defunct Habsburg empire and became independent, but its boundaries were dramatically reduced as a result of the Treaty of Trianon. The two states, whose independence was part of a new European order based on the principle of national self-determination, were supposed to function as democracies and respect the rights of their minorities. In the immediate aftermath of 'the war to end all wars', there was reason to hope that the recognition of the Jews as equal citizens would lead to a golden age of Jewish integration. In practice, the reality was different. Both Poland and Hungary were established as independent states amidst violent internal and external conflicts over their boundaries and the nature of their regimes. In both states, these struggles, which continued throughout the whole interwar period, increasingly led to the dominance of an exclusionary nationalism. Jews were the central, although not the only, minority targeted by this policy of exclusion. Of course, the anti-Jewish violence that occurred during the struggles for the independence of both Poland and Hungary and the anti-Jewish policies and legislation of the 1920s and especially the 1930s should not be regarded as foreshadowing the Nazi catastrophe—which was primarily the result of actions by an external force—however, there is no doubt that in both countries Jewish integration was seriously endangered during the interwar period....

Bringing the Daughters Back

2020 ◽  
pp. 182-235
Author(s):  
Rachel Manekin
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Young Men ◽  
First World War ◽  
Orthodox Jewish ◽  
Female Education ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Running Away ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This chapter looks at the model of Orthodox female education developed in Kraków, where the teachers' seminary was adopted as the highest learning institution for young Orthodox women. It discusses the rebellion of the daughters in Habsburg Galicia that continued until World War I as many young daughters, even young men, from Orthodox Jewish homes abandon the ways of their parents. It also points out how the phenomenon of Galician young Jewish females running away and seeking refuge in the Felician Sisters' convent eventually stopped. The chapter explores how the First World War changed the map of the Habsburg Empire and made Galicia in 1918 part of the newly created Second Polish Republic. It elaborates how the laws in the Second Polish Republic eliminated the legal conditions that facilitated the runaway phenomenon.

7. World war and dissolution

2017 ◽  
pp. 94-108
Author(s):  
Martyn Rady
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Eastern Question ◽  
First World

International politics in the later 19th and early 20th centuries was dominated by the ‘Eastern Question’: the legacy of the failing Ottoman Empire in the Balkans. ‘World war and dissolution: 20th century’ considers issues that led to the First World War, including the murder of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, June 1914. To withstand the Russians, the Habsburg armies increasingly depended on German reinforcements. By passing strategic command of its forces to Wilhelm II in 1916, the Habsburg Empire’s fate was sealed. Franz Joseph’s nephew Karl was to be the last emperor. A final section gives a historical overview, asking whether the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire was inevitable.

scholarly journals National Minority: The Emergence of the Concept in the Habsburg and International Legal Thought

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-37
Author(s):  
Anna Adorjáni ◽  
László Bence Bari
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Legal Language ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
The First World War ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
First World

Abstract This paper critically analyses how the term ‘minority’ was conceptualized in the Habsburg and international political and legal thought from the nineteenth century until the Minority Treaties after the First World War. We argue that the phrase ‘national minority’ was absent from the legal language up to 1918. Our paper guides the reader through the various traditions and their interwar interpretations that shaped the emergence of the new concept of ‘minority’. The analysis of parliamentary discourses within the Habsburg Empire shows how old and new meanings coexisted in 1918.

‘Cities of barracks’: refugees in the Austrian part of the Habsburg Empire during the First World War

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Hermann
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
First World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Central Position ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Inadequate Nutrition ◽  
First World

This chapter introduces refugee politics in Austria-Hungary, in particular Cisleithania, and then explores the approach of the Habsburg administration towards refugees. Austrian officials established a network of large camps in seven administrative regions of Cisleithania. The daily life of the refugees was characterised by poor housing, inadequate nutrition and low standards of sanitation as well by as other constraints that created conditions that hardly differed from those of enemy aliens or prisoners of war, who were at least guaranteed minimal standards of treatment under international law. The barrack camp in Gmünd in Lower Austria is accorded close scrutiny. It occupied a central position in the network of camps, since it was not only the largest camp on Austrian soil, housing predominantly Ruthenian refugees, but also served as showcase camp for propaganda purposes between its creation in 1914 and closure in 1918.

scholarly journals DET ER TIDENS SKYLD! - OM NOSTALGI OG ETIK I JOSEPH ROTHS RADETZKYMARCH

1970 ◽  
Vol 41 (115) ◽  
pp. 167-179
Author(s):  
Martin Baake-Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Good Life ◽  
First World War ◽  
The Novel ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Just Society ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
First World

TIME IS TO BLAME! ETHICS AND NOSTALGIA IN JOSEPH ROTH’S THE RADETZKY MARCH | Nostalgia is a key concept in the work of Joseph Roth. Referring to John J. Su, this article asks whether we can speak of an ethics of nostalgia in his 1932 novel The Radetzky March. In this novel Roth draws up a nostalgic portrait of the Habsburg Empire which collapsed during the First World War. The aesthetic interpretation of the Habsburg Empire that The Radetzky March is, has ethical implications insofar as it draws up a vision of a just society in which one can live a good life. Roth’s appraisal of the Habsburg Empire can be seen as a counter-image that displays what he hated most about the inter-war period, namely political nationalism. The paper argues that the nostalgia of the novel supports a critique of contemporary society that is also a conservative critique of nationalism. The nostalgic portrait of the Habsburg Empire points to a vision of how to live a good life, which leads the article to conclude that we can in fact speak of an ethics of nostalgia in The Radetzky March.

Military, Folklore, Eigensinn: Folkloric Militarism in Germany and France, 1871–1914

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Vogel
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
German Empire ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Stereotypical Image ◽  
Grand Public ◽  
First World

In his poem “Our Military!” published in 1919, Kurt Tucholsky describes the great enthusiasm that he, or rather his pseudonym Kaspar Hauser, felt as a boy before World War II for the sis–boom–bah of martial music when the soldiers marched by. Only when he was a soldier himself “in the Russian wind” of the First World War were the young man's eyes opened to the barbarity, desperation, and despair of war and the actual power relations in the army. While the poem's antimilitaristic intentions are readily apparent, Tucholsky nevertheless also managed to capture a view widely held during the interwar years: that before 1914 there still existed in the population an unbroken enthusiasm for the army and its colorful displays, but that the experience during the war of death on such a massive scale put an end to it. Walter Rathenau echoed precisely these sentiments in his 1919 treatise Der Kaiser: Eine Betrachtung, seeing the prewar society of the German Empire as a “militarily-drilled mass” that sought “to display their acquired military arts in grand public spectacles.” The stereotypical image of a bygone prewar era of military glory and pageantry received a more popular, less “critical” treatment in the 1934 film “Frühjahrsparade,” a musical that evoked “the good old days” of the Habsburg Empire and the k. u. k. army, and not least the passion of women for “the man in uniform.”

scholarly journals Sounds of Loss: Church Bells, Place, and Time in the Habsburg Empire During the First World War*

2019 ◽  
Vol 244 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Morelon
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
First World War ◽  
Local Identity ◽  
World War ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Death Rituals ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
First World

Abstract This article examines the rupture created by the First World War in towns and villages of the Habsburg Empire by focusing on the requisition of church bells, which were melted for the production of munitions. Bells performed an important social function for both rural and urban populations in the early twentieth century. They gathered communities at important times, stood as symbols of local identity, and gave a structure to the days and lives of rural inhabitants. Their removal generated an intense emotional response among parishioners, which is documented in newspapers, parish newsletters or chronicles, and petitions to the Ministry of Religion. These various reactions shed light on the difficult conciliation between local identity, religiosity, and imperial patriotism during the war. The requisitions contributed to the de-legitimization process experienced by the Habsburg Empire at the end of the war, as well as in the disruption of soundscapes in the region. The sense of time was also disturbed as daily rhythms, religious celebrations, and death rituals changed. This exploration of material culture draws on insights from the history of emotions and sensory history to study the changes in the sense of place that the war provoked in local communities.

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