Rice Straw Overview: Availability, Properties, and Management Practices

Abstract The tadpole shrimp [Triops longicaudatus (Leconte)] has emerged as a significant pest of rice grown in California in recent decades. The change in T. longicaudatus’ pest status has coincided with changes in cultural management of residual rice straw postharvest. Policy changes have reduced the postharvest burning of fields from nearly 95% to less than 10%, promoting increased use of winter flooding as a means of accelerating straw decomposition. Field and laboratory trials were conducted from 2015 to 2017 at the Rice Experiment Station in Biggs, CA and in greenhouses at the University of California (UC) Davis to evaluate the effects of burning, flooding, and a fallow control on T. longicaudatus population dynamics. Experiments demonstrated that burning of rice straw failed to suppress densities of hatching T. longicaudatus and actually had the reverse effect, causing a 51% increase in numbers hatching, perhaps as a result of burning triggering termination of multiyear T. longicaudatus egg dormancy. Winter flooding had no measurable effect on T. longicaudatus hatch. Thus, these changes in winter cultural practices do not appear to be responsible for the emergence of T. longicaudatus as a major rice pest.

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An assessment of irrigated rice production energy efficiency and environmental footprint with in-field and off-field rice straw management practices

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-53072-x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nguyen-Van-Hung ◽

Bjoern Ole Sander ◽

James Quilty ◽

Carlito Balingbing ◽

Angeli Grace Castalone ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Management Practices ◽

Complete Removal ◽

Rice Production ◽

Net Energy ◽

Environmental Footprint ◽

Management Scenarios ◽

Straw Management ◽

Land Preparation

AbstractThe research provided scientific evidences for improved rice straw management. Rice cultivation with in-field burning of rice straw is the worst option with the lowest energy efficiency and highest air pollution emission. This article comprises a comparative assessment of energy efficiency and the environmental footprint of rice production using four different rice straw management scenarios, namely, straw retained, straw burned, partial straw removal, and complete straw removal. Paddy yield, grain quality, and energy balance were assessed for two seasons while greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) were measured weekly starting from land preparation through to the cropping and fallow period. Despite the added energy requirements in straw collection and transport, the use of collected rice straw for mushroom production can increase the net energy obtained from rice production systems by 10–15% compared to burning straw in the field. Partial and complete removal of rice straw reduces GHGE by 30% and 40% compared to complete straw retention, respectively.

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Tillage, Green Manure And Residue Retention Improve Aggregate-Associated Phosphorus Fractions Under Rice-Wheat Cropping

10.21203/rs.3.rs-829292/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sandeep Sharma ◽

Sukhjinder Kaur ◽

Om Parkash Choudhary

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Green Manure ◽

Management Practices ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽

Phosphorus Fractions ◽

Residue Management ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Western India

Abstract The sustainability of rice-wheat system (RWS) in north-western India is threatened due to the deterioration of soil health and emergence of new challenges of climate change caused by low nutrient use efficiency and large scale burning of crop residues. Phosphorus and phosphatase activities in the soil aggregates affected by different residue management practices remain poorly understood. Thus, soil samples were obtained after a five year field experiment to identify the effect of tillage, green manure and residue management on aggregate-associated phosphorus fractions. In rice, the main plot treatments were combinations of wheat straw and Sesbania green manure (GM) management: (1) puddled transplanted rice (PTR) with no wheat straw (PTRW0), (2) PTR with 25% wheat stubbles (12-15 cm long) retained (PTRW25), (3) PTR without wheat straw and GM (PTRW0+GM), and (4) PTR with wheat stubbles (25%) and GM (PTRW25+GM). Three sub-plots treatments in the successive wheat crop were (1) conventional tillage with rice straw removed (CTWR0), (2) zero tillage (ZT) with rice straw removed (ZTWR0) and (3) ZT with 100% rice straw retained as surface mulch (ZTWR100). Results of the present study revealed that all phosphorus fractions were significantly higher in PTRW25+GM followed by ZTWR100 compared with PTRW0/CTWR0 treatment within both macro- and micro-aggregates. The total phosphorus (P), available P, alkaline phosphatase and phytin-P were significantly higher under ZTWR100 than CTWR0. Principal component analysis identified NaOH-Po, NaHCO3-Pi and HCl-P as the dominant and reliable indicators for evaluating P transformation within aggregates under conservation agriculture based practices.

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Impact of rice straw management practices on yield, nitrogen uptake and soil properties in a wheat-rice rotation in northern India

Fertilizer Research ◽

10.1007/bf01051164 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 97-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

T. S. Verma ◽

R. M. Bhagat

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Nitrogen Uptake ◽

Management Practices ◽

Straw Management ◽

Northern India

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The Leaching of Iron and Loss of Phosphate in Acid Sulphate Soil Due to Rice Straw and Phosphate Fertilizer Application

Journal of Tropical Soils ◽

10.5400/jts.2012.v17i1.19-24 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Arifin Fahmi ◽

Bostang Radjagukguk ◽

Benito Heru Purwanto

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Management Practices ◽

Soil Condition ◽

Phosphate Fertilizer ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

P Availability ◽

Acid Sulphate Soil ◽

Acid Sulphate ◽

P Loss ◽

Acid Sulphate Soils

Low phosphorus (P) availability and high iron (Fe) concentration are the dominant characteristics of acid sulphate soils (ASS). Optimum agricultural management practices are required to leach the excess Fe2+ and to prevent or minimize loss of P from the soil in order to obtain conditions favorable for rice growth. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of organic matter (OM) application in the form of rice straw (RS) on leaching of Fe and loss of P in an acid sulphate soil. The experiment was conducted in the glasshouse consisting of three treatment factors utilizing the completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was soil condition consisting of continuous application of RS and without RS during the past five years. The second factor was application of fresh RS consisting of fresh RS application and without fresh RS application, whereas the third factor was P application consisting of three rates of SP-36 fertilizer (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 times of the recommended rate). The results showed that RS application was effective in preventing P loss from the soil at 6 weeks after planting (WAP) and decreased the pH of leachate at all observations time but it increased Fe2+ concentration in leachate (0.07-0.42% Fe2+ in the soil were leached or 2-5 folds higher than without RS application).

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Quantification of direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions from rice field cultivation with different rice straw management practices – A study in the autumn - winter season in An Giang Province, Vietnam

Journal of Vietnamese Environment ◽

10.13141/jve.vol10.no1.pp49-55 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 49-55

Author(s):

Thi Thanh Truc Ngo ◽

Vu Khanh Ho ◽

Sy Nam Tran ◽

Van Chin Duong ◽

Van Cong Nguyen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Management Practices ◽

Emission Rate ◽

Winter Season ◽

N2o Emission ◽

The Other ◽

Closed Chamber ◽

Straw Management

This study resulted in a comparative analysis of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) for rice production with different in-field rice straw management practices based on an experiment conducted in An Giang Province of Vietnam, during the autumn - winter season of 2016. Direct field GHGE was analyzed based on in-situ measurement and the total direct and indirect GHGE were estimated by applying the life cycle assessment using Ecoinvent3 database which is incorporated in SIMAPRO software. The experiment was conducted based on a completely random design with three treatments and three replications. The three treatments are [T1] Incorporation of straw and stubbles treated with Trichoderma; [T2] Incorporation of stubbles and removal of straw; and [T3] In-field burning straw. Closed chamber protocol and gas chromatography (SRI 8610C) was used to measure and analyse CH4 and N2O. CH4 emission rate was not significantly different (p>0.05) among the three treatments during sampling dates except on the days 17 and 24 after sowing (DAS). N2O emission rate was not significantly different (p>0.05) either. However, there were high variations of N2O emission after the dates of urea applied. Direct field emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) are not significantly different among the three treatments, but the amount of CO2eq per kg straw in T1 of incorporating rice straw treated with Trichoderma is significantly higher than in T3 of in-field burning straw. LCA based analysis resulted in total GHGE in the range of 1.93-2.46 kg CO2-eq kg-1 paddy produced consisting of 53-66% from direct soil emissions. Incorporation of straw treated with Trichoderma did not indicate the improvement of paddy yield. However, the organic matter, N-NH4+, and N-NO3- of this treatment was higher than those of the other researched treatments. This research was just conducted in one crop season, however, the results have initial implications for the other crop seasons. Nghiên cứu này phân tích phát thải khí nhà kính từ sản xuất lúa theo các biện pháp quản lý rơm rạ khác nhau dựa vào thí nghiệm được thực hiện ở vụ Thu Đông năm 2016 tại tỉnh An Giang, Việt Nam. Lượng phát thải khí nhà kính từ đất đã được phân tích dựa vào kết quả đo đạt tại ruộng và tổng lượng phát thải khí nhà kính trực tiếp và gián tiếp được ước tính bằng phương pháp vòng đời sử dụng cơ sở dữ liệu Ecoinvent3 gắn kết với phần mềm SIMAPRO. Thí nghiệm được bố trí hoàn toàn ngẫu nhiên gồm 3 nghiệm thức và 3 lần lặp lại. Các nghiệm thức gồm [T1] vùi rơm và rạ với Trichoderma, [T2] lấy rơm ra khỏi ruộng và vùi rạ và [T3] đốt rơm. Kỹ thuật buồng kín (closed chamber protocol) và máy sắc ký khí (SRI8610C) được sử dụng để đo đạt và phân tích khí CH4 và N2O. Tốc độ phát thải khí CH4 không khác biệt giữa ba nghiệm thức, ngoại trừ kết quả ở lần lấy mẫu 17 và 24 ngày sau sạ. Tốc độ phát thải N2O cũng không có sự khác biệt giữa các nghiệm thức. Tuy nhiên, tốc độ phát thải biến động rất lớn sau các ngày bón phân đạm. Lượng phát thải trực tiếp từ ruộng của CH4, N2O và CO2 tương đương (CO2-eq) không có sự khác biệt giữa ba nghiệm thức, nhưng lượng CO2-eq/kg rơm ở nghiệm thức vùi rơm và rạ với Trichoderma (T1) cao hơn nghiệm thức đốt rơm (T3). Kết quả phân tích LCA cho thấy lượng phát thải khí nhà kính dao động trong khoảng 1,93 – 2,46 kg CO2-eq/kg lúa với 53 – 66% lượng phát thải trực tiếp từ trong đất. Vùi rơm rạ với Trichoderma chưa cải thiện được năng suất lúa. Tuy nhiên, phần trăm chất hữu cơ và hàm lượng đạm hữu dụng trong đất của nghiệm thức này cao hơn so với hai nghiệm thức còn lại của thí nghiệm. Nghiên cứu này chỉ mới được thực hiện một vụ, nhưng đã mang lại nhiều kết quả có thể ứng dụng cho các vụ sau.

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Effect of water and rice straw management practices on yield and water productivity of irrigated lowland rice in the Central Plain of Thailand

Agricultural Water Management ◽

10.1016/j.agwat.2018.09.041 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 211 ◽

pp. 89-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Sumana Maneepitak ◽

Hayat Ullah ◽

Kritkamol Paothong ◽

Boonlue Kachenchart ◽

Avishek Datta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Management Practices ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Lowland Rice ◽

Straw Management ◽

Central Plain ◽

Effect Of Water

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Alternating wet-dry cycles rather than sulfate fertilization control pathways of methanogenesis and methane turnover in rice straw-amended paddy soil

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9088 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qiong Liu ◽

Marco Romani ◽

Jiajia Wang ◽

Britta Planer-Friedrich ◽

Johanna Pausch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Management Practices ◽

Methanogenic Archaea ◽

Paddy Soils ◽

Effective Management ◽

Flowering Stage ◽

Sulfate Reducing ◽

Hydrogenotrophic Methanogenesis ◽

Reducing Bacteria

Alternate wet-drying (AWD) and sulfate fertilization have been considered as effective management practices for lowering CH4 emissions from paddy soils. However, the effects of management practices on in situ belowground CH4 turnover (production and oxidation) are not yet fully understood. Here, soil CO2 and CH4 concentrations and their C isotope compositions were measured at three rice growing stages in straw-amended paddy soils with and without sulfate fertilization under continuously flooded conditions and two wet-dry-cycles. CH4 concentration reached 51.0 mg C L-1 at flowering stage under flooded conditions, while it decreased to 0.04 mg C L-1 under AWD. Relative enrichment of &#948;13C in CH4 and depletion of &#948;13C in CO2 under AWD indicated CH4 oxidation. Sulfate addition had no significant effect on CH4 concentration. The ample substrate supply might have prevented sulfate-reducing bacteria from out-competing methanogenic archaea and could therefore explain the absence of a fall in CH4 production. The &#948;13C-CO2 enrichment over time (7 &#8240; and 5&#8240; with and without sulfate fertilizer, respectively) under flooded conditions likely indicates an increasing contribution of hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis to CH4 production with ongoing rice growth. Overall, the results showed that AWD could more efficiently reduce CH4 production than sulfate fertilization in rice-straw-amended paddy soils.&#160;

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