scholarly journals Resource Management for Improving Overall Reliability of Multi-Processor Systems-on-Chip

2020 ◽  
pp. 233-246
Author(s):  
Yue Ma ◽  
Junlong Zhou ◽  
Thidapat Chantem ◽  
Robert P. Dick ◽  
X. Sharon Hu
Keyword(s):  
Soft Error ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transient Faults ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Permanent Faults ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Systems On Chip ◽  
Lifetime Reliability ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Overall Reliability

AbstractMulti-processor systems on a chip (MPSoCs) are widely deployed in real-time embedded systems. In such systems, soft-error reliability (caused by transient faults) and lifetime reliability (caused by permanent faults) are both imperative design concerns. Most existing work considers only one of the two classes of faults. Unfortunately, techniques that increase one may adversely impact the other. Achieving high overall reliability requires a trade-off of soft-error reliability and lifetime reliability. In this chapter, we first introduce concepts and models associated with the two reliability metrics, then present two techniques that optimize them separately. Finally, we show how to make appropriate trade-offs using two case studies involving “big–little” type MPSoCs and CPU–GPU integrated MPSoCs.

Role of Spatial Configuration in Commuting Trade-Offs of Two-Worker Households: A Case Study in the Greater Toronto Area

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (3) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Saidal Akbari ◽  
Khandker Nurul Habib
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Configuration ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Greater Toronto Area ◽  
Home Location ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Home Work ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Commute Distance

This research investigates the commuting trade-offs between individuals in two-worker households with home and work locations in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). A commuting trade-off occurs when a home relocation results in one worker incurring a higher commute distance for the other worker to work closer to the home location. This research uses stated preference data and multilevel modeling to demonstrate that two-worker households adjust their home–work spatial configuration which results in commuting trade-offs between individuals. This research uses the angle between the two workplaces, measured at the home location, as a variable in its empirical model. This variable is a descriptor of the home–work spatial configuration and a predictor of total household commute distance. The modeling results indicate an inverse relationship between total household commute distance and the difference between individual commutes. This suggests that individuals in two-worker households trade off their individual commute distances and, in that process, reduce total household commute distance. A key policy implication arising from this research relates to the jobs–housing balance within a catchment area. Two-worker households have been regarded as a hindrance to achieving jobs–housing balance as the two work locations present a constraint in relocating the home near both work locations. However, as this research shows, workers will trade off their individual commute distances such that a home relocation results in a shorter commute distance for one worker and longer commute distance for the other.

scholarly journals Tolerating Permanent Faults in the Input Port of the Network on Chip Router

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Mohammed ◽  
Wameedh Flayyih ◽  
Fakhrul Rokhani
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Deep Submicron ◽  
Network On Chip ◽  
Input Port ◽  
Virtual Channel ◽  
Transient Faults ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Permanent Faults ◽  
Hardware Redundancy ◽  
On Chip

Deep submicron technologies continue to develop according to Moore’s law allowing hundreds of processing elements and memory modules to be integrated on a single chip forming multi/many-processor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs). Network on chip (NoC) arose as an interconnection for this large number of processing modules. However, the aggressive scaling of transistors makes NoC more vulnerable to both permanent and transient faults. Permanent faults persistently affect the circuit functionality from the time of their occurrence. The router represents the heart of the NoC. Thus, this research focuses on tolerating permanent faults in the router’s input buffer component, particularly the virtual channel state fields. These fields track packets from the moment they enter the input component until they leave to the next router. The hardware redundancy approach is used to tolerate the faults in these fields due to their crucial role in managing the router operation. A built-in self-test logic is integrated into the input port to periodically detect permanent faults without interrupting router operation. These approaches make the NoC router more reliable than the unprotected NoC router with a maximum of 17% and 16% area and power overheads, respectively. In addition, the hardware redundancy approach preserves the network performance in the presence of a single fault by avoiding the virtual channel closure.

Modelling WSNs Using OMNeT++

2012 ◽  
pp. 319-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Anggadjaja ◽  
Ian V. McLoughlin
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
System Design ◽  
Failure Modes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Sensing Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Potential Failure

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been used to observe and monitor many environments for specific purposes and in many ways over the past few years. A number of operational trade-offs are possible when planning a WSN, influencing coverage, bandwidth, redundancy, lifetime, expandability, and so on. However, for systems in potentially hazardous locations or those experiencing restricted access, system unreliability tends to be the greatest operational concern. In the process of creating reliable WSNs for hazardous locations, it is highly desirable to ensure both an accurate and a reliable system design prior to deployment, and with as little unnecessary trade-off as possible. Especially as sensing systems become larger and more complex, and potential failure modes increase, this becomes more difficult to achieve. In an attempt to answer the question of reliability assurance, the authors investigate WSNs in the context of accurate and fast modelling of such networks. A comprehensive comparison of three modelling tools (ns-2, OPNET, and OMNeT++) is explored in this chapter, concluding that OMNeT++ is worthy of study as an alternative to the other two more established tools. As an illustration of the use of OMNeT++, two modelling schemes are simulated and compared against the theory to determine both bit-level correctness, but also to demonstrate ease of modelling and analysis.

Joint Validation of Application Models and Multi-Abstraction Network-on-Chip Platforms

2012 ◽  
pp. 263-277
Author(s):  
Sanna Määttä ◽  
Leandro Möller ◽  
Leandro Soares Indrusiak ◽  
Luciano Ost ◽  
Manfred Glesner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Space Exploration ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Network On Chip ◽  
Multiprocessor Systems ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Successive Refinement ◽  
Systems On Chip ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Abstraction Levels

Application models are often disregarded during the design of multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoC). This is due to the difficulties of capturing the application constraints and applying them to the design space exploration of the platform. In this article we propose an application modelling formalism that supports joint validation of application and platform models. To support designers on the trade-off analysis between accuracy, observability, and validation speed, we show that this approach can handle the successive refinement of platform models at multiple abstraction levels. A case study of the joint validation of a single application successively mapped onto three different platform models demonstrates the applicability of the presented approach.

scholarly journals Trade-Offs in Competitive Transport Operations

Economies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Usman Akbar ◽  
Akash Kumar ◽  
Hameed Khan ◽  
Muhammad Asif Khan ◽  
Khansa Parvaiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Transport ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Sustainable Transport ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Competitive Edge ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
In Transit

One of the goals of developing a transport corridor is to promote socio-economic development by improving connectivity and sustainable transport operations, which largely depends on the operational strategy. Trade-off policies can be important tools for gaining the competitive advantage of road transport corridors, and thus, help facilitate sustainable growth and welfare. This article uses a case-based approach to observe the trade-offs in the first phase of transport infrastructure development, and then, in the second stage, further explores the trade-off variables in the transport operations strategy under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The results from the three cases of the parallel route system of the CPEC indicate that trade-off is an easily understandable and applicable method, which can foresee the operational gains or compromises for significant welfare of the regions. The implications of the trade-off are two fold, first is the “importance” of the trade-off, which is related to its impact on operational competitiveness. The other is the “sensitivity” of the trade-off, in terms of the change that will be caused to one variable when changing the other. The trade-off concept can be used for several landlocked transport corridors to achieve a competitive edge in transit trade.

Sex or survival: trade-offs between quality and quantity of life.

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
P A Singer ◽  
E S Tasch ◽  
C Stocking ◽  
S Rubin ◽  
M Siegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Localized Prostate Cancer ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Trade Offs

Patients with localized prostate cancer may be treated with either surgery (radical prostatectomy) or radiotherapy. Although controversial, many physicians believe that surgery offers a higher survival rate. However, the surgical treatment may also produce a higher rate of sexual impotency. Our study assessed how men value survival and sexual potency when asked to trade off one for the other. Using the treatment-choice technique, we interviewed 50 men aged 45 to 70 years without known prostate cancer. At hypothetical rates of survival (90% at 5 years for surgery) and impotency (90% for surgery and 40% for radiotherapy) representing published estimates, 32% of respondents were unwilling to trade off any survival, but 68% were willing to trade off a 10% or greater advantage in 5-year survival (by choosing radiotherapy) to maintain sexual potency. The median 5-year survival traded off was 10% (range, 0% to 80%). Willingness to trade off survival for sexual potency was significantly related to level of education, but not to age, interest in sex, frequency of sexual intercourse, or ability to achieve erection. We conclude that some men may choose treatment with lower long-term survival to increase their chance of remaining sexually potent. Because these men may be difficult to identify in clinical practice, physicians should thoroughly discuss both surgery and radiotherapy options with patients who have localized prostate cancer.

scholarly journals The Two Margin Problem in Insurance Markets

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Michael Geruso ◽  
Timothy J. Layton ◽  
Grace McCormack ◽  
Mark Shepard
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insurance Markets ◽  
Extensive Margin ◽  
Intensive Margin ◽  
Sufficient Statistics ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Insurance markets often feature consumer sorting along both an extensive margin (whether to buy) and an intensive margin (which plan to buy). We present a new graphical theoretical framework that extends a workhorse model to incorporate both selection margins simultaneously. A key insight from our framework is that policies aimed at addressing one margin of selection often involve an economically meaningful trade-off on the other margin in terms of prices, enrollment, and welfare. Using data fromMassachusetts, we illustrate these trade-offs in an empirical sufficient statistics approach that is tightly linked to the graphical framework we develop.

scholarly journals Trait-specific trade-offs prevent niche expansion in two parasites

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva J. P. Lievens ◽  
Yannis Michalakis ◽  
Thomas Lenormand
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Work ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Host Specialization ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Evolution Approach

AbstractThe evolution of host specialization has been studied intensively, yet it is still often difficult to determine why parasites do not evolve broader niches – in particular when the available hosts are closely related and ecologically similar. Here, we used an experimental evolution approach to study the evolution of host specialization, and its underlying traits, in two sympatric parasites: Anostracospora rigaudi and Enterocytospora artemiae, microsporidians infecting the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana and Artemia parthenogenetica. In the field, both parasites regularly infect both hosts, yet experimental work has revealed that they are each partially specialized. We serially passaged the parasites on one, the other, or an alternation of the two hosts; after ten passages, we assayed the infectivity, virulence, and spore production rate of the evolved lines. In accordance with previous studies, A. rigaudi maintained a higher fitness on A. parthenogenetica, and E. artemiae on A. franciscana, in all treatments. The origin of this specialization was not infectivity, which readily evolved and traded off weakly between the host species for both parasites. Instead, the overall specialization was caused by spore production, which did not evolve in any treatment. This suggests the existence of a strong trade-off between spore production in A. franciscana and spore production in A. parthenogenetica, making this trait a barrier to the evolution of generalism in this system. This study highlights that the shape of between-host trade-offs can be very heterogeneous across parasite traits, so that only some traits are pivotal to specialization.

scholarly journals Formal Specification and Verification of Communication in Network-On-Chip: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Fateh Boutekkouk
Keyword(s):  
Formal Methods ◽  
Formal Specification ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Network On Chip ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Behavior ◽  
Systems On Chip ◽  
Formal Specification And Verification ◽  
Quantitative Properties ◽  
On Chip

Network-On-Chip (NOC) is an emerging paradigm to surmount traditional bus based Systems-On-Chip (SOC) limits  especially scalability and communication performances. A NOC includes many applications that can execute concurrently. This situation may show some undesirable behaviors such as deadlock, livelock, starvation, etc. On the other hand, the application of formal methods to on-chip communication infrastructures has recieved more attention. Formal analysis of NOC communication will be very advantageous since it allows proving some theorems or interesting qualitative/quantitative properties on the communication behavior where simulation/emulation techniques can fail easily. In this paper we try to giva an overview of the most famous formal methods applied to the verification of communication inside NOCs.

Intellectual Properties Integration

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-45
Author(s):  
Rima Boumaza ◽  
Fateh Boutekkouk
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Systems On Chip ◽  
Before And After ◽  
On Chip ◽  
Intellectual Properties ◽  
Over Time

Intellectual properties (IPs) integration is becoming more challenging due to the increasing complexity of systems on chip as well as their components. Since no survey is available about this topic, this paper is written to help recently interested researchers in the field to have an idea about IP integration. This paper tries to put the light on IP integration challenges over time and how researchers and industrials have dealt with every challenge. On the other hand, the emergence of the standard IP-XACT for packaging, integrating, and reusing intellectual properties has enabled the development of many integration tools and the enhancement of the already existing ones. In this regard, different solutions are presented in this paper before and after the emergence of the standard enriched with a discussion of different proposed solutions including an attempt to define what is needed to be done else. At the end, the paper concludes by considering a promising tendency that hopefully will mitigate some of IP integration gaps.

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