Dealing with Mass Flow-Induced Tsunamis at Stromboli Volcano: Monitoring Strategies Through Multi-Platform Remote Sensing

2020 ◽  
pp. 397-404
Author(s):  
Federico Di Traglia ◽  
Teresa Nolesini ◽  
Nicola Casagli
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Stromboli Volcano ◽  
Monitoring Strategies

scholarly journals Joint exploitation of space-borne and ground-based multitemporal InSAR measurements for volcano monitoring: The Stromboli volcano case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 260 ◽  
pp. 112441
Author(s):  
Federico Di Traglia ◽  
Claudio De Luca ◽  
Mariarosaria Manzo ◽  
Teresa Nolesini ◽  
Nicola Casagli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Stromboli Volcano

scholarly journals First experimental evidence for the CO<sub>2</sub>-driven origin of Stromboli's major explosions

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 411-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aiuppa ◽  
M. Burton ◽  
P. Allard ◽  
T. Caltabiano ◽  
G. Giudice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
Stromboli Volcano ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Basaltic Volcanoes ◽  
Monitoring Strategies

Abstract. We report on the first detection of CO2 flux precursors of the till now unforecastable larger than normal ("major") explosions that intermittently occur at Stromboli volcano (Italy). Automated survey of the crater plume emissions in the period 2006–2010, during which 12 such explosions happened, demonstrate that these events are systematically preceded by a brief phase of increasing CO2/SO2 weight ratio (up to >40) and CO2 flux (>1300 t/d) with respect to the time-averaged values of 3.7 and ~500 t/d typical for standard Stromboli's activity. These signals are best explained by the accumulation of CO2-rich gas at a discontinuity of the plumbing system (decreasing CO2 emission at the surface), followed by increasing gas leakage prior to the explosion. Our observations thus support the recent model of Allard (2010) for a CO2-rich gas trigger of recurrent major explosions at Stromboli, and demonstrate the possibility to forecast these events in advance from geochemical precursors. These observations and conclusions have clear implications for monitoring strategies at other open-vent basaltic volcanoes worldwide.

The 2019 July Stromboli volcano paroxysm event: contribution of infrasound to the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Marchetti ◽  
Maurizio Ripepe ◽  
Alexis Le Pichon ◽  
Constantino Listowski ◽  
Lars Ceranna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Pyroclastic Flows ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Propagation Time ◽  
Stromboli Volcano ◽  
Eruptive Column ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;With the advent of civil aviation and growth in air traffic, the problem of volcanic ash encounter has become an issue of importance as a prompt response to volcanic eruptions is required to mitigate the impact of the volcanic hazard on aviation. Many volcanoes worldwide are poorly monitored, and most of the time notifications of volcanic eruptions are reported mainly based on satellite observations or visual observations. Among ground-based volcano monitoring techniques, infrasound is the only one capable of detecting explosive eruptions from distances of thousands of kilometers.&amp;#160;On July 3 and August 28, 2019, two paroxysmal explosions occurred at Stromboli volcano. The events, that are similar in terms of energy and size to the peak explosive activity reported historically for the volcano, produced a significant emission of scoria, bombs and lapilli, that affected the whole island and fed an eruptive column that rose almost 5 km above the volcano. The collapse of the eruptive column also produced pyroclastic flows along the Sciara del Fuoco, a sector collapse on the northern flank of the volcano.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Being one of the best-monitored volcanoes of the world, the 2019 Stromboli paroxysmal explosions were observed in real-time and Civil Protection procedures started immediately. However, notification to the Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) was not automated, and the VAA was issued only long after the event occurrence. The two explosions produced infrasound signals that were detected by several infrasound stations as far as Norway (IS37, 3380 km) and Azores islands (IS42, 3530 km). Despite of the latency due to the propagation time, infrasound-based notification arrays precedes the Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued by Toulouse VACC. Following the same procedure applied for the Volcano Information System developed in the framework of the ARISE project, we show how infrasound array analysis could allow automatic, near-real-time identification of these eruptions with timely reliable source information. We highlight the need for an integration of the CTBT IMS infrasound network with local and regional infrasound arrays capable of providing a timely early warning to VAACs. This study opens new perspectives in volcano monitoring and could represent, in the future, an efficient tool in supporting VAACs activity.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Raman Spectroscopy from Laboratory and Proximal to Remote Sensing: A Tool for the Volcanological Sciences

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Giordano ◽  
James K. Russell ◽  
Diego González-García ◽  
Danilo Bersani ◽  
Donald B. Dingwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Volcano Monitoring ◽  
Silicate Glasses ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
In Situ Studies ◽  
Raman Spectral ◽  
Raman Spectral Analysis

Here we explore and review some of the latest ideas and applications of Raman spectroscopy to the volcanological sciences. Firstly, we provide a brief overview of how Raman spectral analysis works and how spectra from silicate glasses are interpreted. We then look at specific applications of Raman spectral analysis to the volcanological sciences based on measurements on and studies of natural materials in the laboratory. We conclude by examining the potential for Raman spectral analysis to be used as a field based aid to volcano monitoring via in situ studies of proximal deposits and; perhaps; in remote sensing campaigns

scholarly journals First observational evidence for the CO<sub>2</sub>-driven origin of Stromboli's major explosions

Solid Earth ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Aiuppa ◽  
M. Burton ◽  
P. Allard ◽  
T. Caltabiano ◽  
G. Giudice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Recent Model ◽  
Stromboli Volcano ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Gas Leakage ◽  
Basaltic Volcanoes ◽  
Monitoring Strategies

Abstract. We report on the first detection of CO2 flux precursors of the till now unforecastable "major" explosions that intermittently occur at Stromboli volcano (Italy). An automated survey of the crater plume emissions in the period 2006–2010, during which 12 such explosions happened, demonstrated that these events are systematically preceded by a brief phase of increasing CO2/SO2 weight ratio (up to >40) and CO2 flux (>1300 t d−1) with respect to the time-averaged values of 3.7 and ~500 t d−1 typical for standard Stromboli's activity. These signals are best explained by the accumulation of CO2-rich gas at a discontinuity of the plumbing system (decreasing CO2 emission at the surface), followed by increasing gas leakage prior to the explosion. Our observations thus supports the recent model of Allard (2010) for a CO2-rich gas trigger of recurrent major explosions at Stromboli, and demonstrates the possibility to forecast these events in advance from geochemical precursors. These observations and conclusions have clear implications for monitoring strategies at other open-vent basaltic volcanoes worldwide.

scholarly journals Advanced Bridge Monitoring Strategies by Polarimetric GB-SAR

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilong Zou ◽  
Motoyuki Sato ◽  
Fabio Tosti ◽  
Amir M. Alani
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Orientation Angle ◽  
Deformation Measurement ◽  
Sar Interferometry ◽  
Vibration Monitoring ◽  
Dynamic Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Strategies

&lt;p&gt;Use of advanced health monitoring strategies for bridges is essential to provide a comprehensive condition assessment of these structures and ensure their structural integrity. To this purpose, new technologies have been applied in recent years for both static and dynamic assessments offering unprecedented opportunities within the context of risk management and structural analysis. Among these, areal deformation measurement techniques from ground-based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) sensors were successfully applied for continuous monitoring of dynamic and static displacements of bridges [1] [2]. However, a main limitation for the ground-based microwave interferometry is that, as a linear measurement technique, it is difficult to pinpoint the damage location and obtain accurate displacement time-series for bridges [3]. Moreover, it is known that vertical displacements are usually more relevant than horizontal displacements in the dynamic monitoring of bridges, and the GB-SAR interferometry can only provide the line-of-sight (LOS) displacement of the monitored bridge [4].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this research, we focus on remote monitoring of the dynamic displacement responses of bridges with a polarimetric GB-SAR system. To this purpose, various strategies were used to overcome the existing limitations of this technique. Results from the monitoring of a long-span metallic railway bridge and a reinforced concrete Shinkansen bridge are discussed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim of this research is to provide more comprehensive and accurate information for bridge health monitoring using a polarimetric sensor. To this extent, a polarimetric analysis was performed to identify the reflection from the side surface of the bridges. In addition, the information about the polarisation orientation angle and the local incidence angle were processed under the acquisition geometry to calculate the radar look angle. Therefore, the bridge deformation fields in the vertical direction were easily converted using the slant range distances and the corresponding maximum transient vertical deformation was transformed through the LOS deformation while a train passing the bridge.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] Monserrat, O. et al., 2014. A review of ground-based SAR Interferometry for deformation measurement. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, pp. 40&amp;#8211;48.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] Pieraccini, M. et al., 2006. Dynamic monitoring of bridges using a high-speed coherent radar. IEEE Transaction Geoscience and Remote Sensing, pp. 3284&amp;#8211;3288.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] Sato M., Zou L., Nico G., 2017. Monitoring of Infrastructure by GB-SAR. IEICE technical report, pp. 11-16.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[4] Sato M., Zou L., Nico G., Kikuta K., 2019. Displacement and Vibration Monitoring by GB-SAR. IEICE Transactions on Communications, pp.844-852.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Hyperspectral ultraviolet to shortwave infrared characteristics of marine-harvested, washed-ashore and virgin plastics

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba ◽  
Heidi M. Dierssen
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Particle Morphology ◽  
Detection And Tracking ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Ocean Colour Remote Sensing ◽  
Shortwave Infrared ◽  
Global Oceans ◽  
Absorption Features

Abstract. Combating the imminent environmental problems associated with plastic litter requires a synergy of monitoring strategies, clean-up efforts, policymaking and interdisciplinary scientific research. Lately, remote sensing technologies have been evolving into a complementary monitoring strategy that might have future applications in the operational detection and tracking of plastic litter at repeated intervals covering wide geospatial areas. We therefore present a dataset of Lambertian-equivalent spectral reflectance measurements from the ultraviolet (UV, 350 nm) to shortwave infrared (SWIR, 2500 nm) of synthetic hydrocarbons (plastics). Spectral reflectance of wet and dry marine-harvested, washed-ashore, and virgin plastics was measured outdoors with a hyperspectral spectroradiometer. Samples were harvested from the major accumulation zones in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, suggesting a near representation of plastic litter in global oceans. We determined a representative bulk average spectral reflectance for the dry marine-harvested microplastics dataset available at https://doi.org/10.21232/jyxq-1m66 (Garaba and Dierssen, 2019c). Similar absorption features were identified in the dry samples of washed-ashore plastics: dataset available at https://doi.org/10.21232/ex5j-0z25 (Garaba and Dierssen, 2019a). The virgin pellets samples consisted of 11 polymer types typically found in floating aquatic plastic litter: dataset available at https://doi.org/10.21232/C27H34 (Garaba and Dierssen, 2017). Magnitude and shape features of the spectral reflectance collected were also evaluated for two scenarios involving dry and wet marine-harvested microplastics: dataset available at https://doi.org/10.21232/r7gg-yv83 (Garaba and Dierssen, 2019b). Reflectance of wet marine-harvested microplastics was noted to be lower in magnitude but had similar spectral shape to that of dry marine-harvested microplastics. Diagnostic absorption features common in the marine-harvested microplastics and washed-ashore plastics were identified at ∼931, 1215, 1417 and 1732 nm. In addition, we include metrics for a subset of the marine-harvested microplastics related to particle morphology, including sphericity and roundness. These datasets are also expected to improve and expand the scientific evidence-based knowledge of optical characteristics of common plastics found in aquatic litter. Furthermore, these datasets have potential use in radiative transfer simulations exploring the effects of plastics on ocean colour remote sensing and developing algorithms applicable to remote detection of floating plastic litter.

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