Application of Frequency-Resonance Methods of Satellite Images Processing for Hydrogen and Living Water Accumulations Searching Within Local Areas in Europe

The results of the application of mobile direct-prospecting technology of frequency-resonance processing and interpretation of satellite images and photo images at the sites hydrogen degassing in various regions are presented. Experimental reconnaissance studies were carried out to study the features of deep structure of the hydrogen degassing areas. The materials of instrumental measurements indicate that in regions of basalt volcano’s location with roots at different depths, signals at hydrogen frequencies are almost always recorded. When scanning the cross-section, responses from hydrogen are recorded from the upper edges of basaltic volcanoes to their roots. It can be assumed that basaltic volcanoes are a kind of channels through which hydrogen migrates to the upper horizons of the cross-section and further into the atmosphere. Within many basaltic volcanoes at a depth of 68 km, deep (living) water is synthesized. Hydrogen-rich water is curative and can be used for wellness purposes. All surveyed zones of longevity on Earth are located within basalt volcanoes, in which water synthesized at a depth of 68 km migrates to the surface and is used for water supply. Hydrogen deposits can be formed by basaltic volcanoes in adjacent sealed reservoirs. Within some survey areas, responses at hydrogen frequencies from limestones, dolomites and marls were recorded at shallow depths. Direct-prospecting technology can be used to study reservoirs in crystalline rocks (basalts including). Detailed studies and wells drilling in promising areas can be planned and carried out for hydrogen and living water at the same time. The result of investigation indicates the advisability of using direct-prospecting methods of frequency-resonance processing of satellite images to detect zones of hydrogen accumulation in areas of basalt volcano’s location, as well as in areas of hydrogen degassing. The use of mobile and low-cost technology will significantly speed up the exploration process for hydrogen, as well as reduce the financial costs for its implementation.

Long-term gas observations track the early unrest phases of open-vent basaltic volcanoes

<p align="justify"><span>At open-vent basaltic volcanoes, resolving the activity escalation that heralds larger, potentially harmful eruptions is challenged by the persistent mild ordinary activity, which often masks the precursory unrest signals related to heightened magma transport from depth. Gas (SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> and CO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span>) fluxes at surface are controlled by rate of magma transport and degassing within the magma plumbing system, and thus constitute key parameters to infer deep magma budget and dynamics. </span></p><p align="justify"><span>Here, we use several year-long (2014-present) gas observations at Etna and Stromboli volcanoes, in Sicily, to provide new evidence for the utility of long-term instrumental gas monitoring in real-time detecting the early phase of unrest prior eruption, and for characterizing syn-eruptive dynamics. To this aim, we use information from a gas monitoring network </span>of<span> permanent ultraviolet (UV) cameras and automatic Multi-Gas instruments that, combined with geophysical observations, allow characterizing changes in degassing and eruptive dynamics at high temporal/spatial resolution. </span></p><p align="justify"><span>Our results show that the </span><span>paroxysmal (lava fountaining) explosions that periodically</span> <span>interrupted </span><span>persistent</span><span> open-vent activity on Etna (during 2014-2020) were accompanied by systematic, repetitive SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> emission patterns prior, during, and after eruptions. These allow us identifying the characteristic pre- syn- and post- eruptive degassing regimes, and to establish thresholds in the SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> flux record that mark phases of unrest. </span></p><p align="justify"><span>On Stromboli, the much improved temporal/spatial resolution of UV cameras allows resolving the escalation of regular strombolian activity, and its concentration toward its North-east crater, that heralds onset of effusive eruptions. During effusive eruption, although magma level drops in the conduit and explosive summit activity ceases, UV camera observations can still detect explosive gas bursts deep in the conduit while no infrasonic activity is detected. </span>Combining the<span> UV camera-derived SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> fluxes with CO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span>/SO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> ratio records measured by the Multi-Gas, the CO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> flux can be inferred. We find that such CO</span><sub><span>2</span></sub><span> flux time-series can allow tracking degassing of deeply stored mafic magma months before Stromboli’s eruptions. We finally show that remotely sensed gas emission and thermal activity can be combined together to characterize the dynamics of shallow magmatic system prior to and during unrest, ultimately helping to define timing of magma re-charging events driving the eruptions. </span></p>

From permanent flank sliding to catastrophic collapse and explosive eruptions at basaltic volcanoes: the role of shallow intrusive magma bodies.

<p>Caldera collapses and flank failures, eventually associated with violent explosive eruptions, punctuate the history of volcanoes worldwide and represent major highly hazardous events in their evolution. Nevertheless, their link to magma transfer and storage in the plumbing system, together with the nature of weakness zones responsible for volcano collapses still need to be fully elucidated. We performed rapid decompression experiments on a set of basaltic rocks (lavas, dolerite dikes, gabbros) from Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion, spanning a very large range of petrophysical properties. Samples derived from the most recent  caldera-related explosive breccias of this volcano. Petrophysical measurements revealed a corresponding variability in density, porosity, P-wave velocity (dry and wet), and uniaxial compressive strength. The large variation in P-wave velocity and strength is interpreted to be the result of the wide ranges in texture (porosity/vesicularity) and lithology. Notably, some of the dense gabbroic units that have remained intact despite likely having experienced several natural cycles of heating and cooling are comparatively weak. We infer that volcano instability should not be interpreted solely in terms of altered rock units. On one side, the interface between shallow intrusive bodies and the vesicular lava pile represents a potential interface for repeated sill emplacement, which favour flank sliding. On the other side, weak shallow seated granular intrusive rocks with variable amounts of interstitial melt respond in a brittle fashion to rapid decompression during caldera and flank collapse events. The large petrophysical heterogeneity of crustal rocks together with the occurrence of shallow intrusive bodies must be considered when interpreting monitoring data and assessing potential hazards related to the stability of basaltic volcanoes.</p>

The results of direct-prospecting geophysical methods used for the detection and localization of zones of hydrogen accumulation and migration in the Earth and the Moon cross-sections

The results of experimental studies at the hydrogen production site, hydrogen degassing sites in various regions, as well as on the Moon are presented. Experiments using the direct-prospecting technology of frequency- resonance processing and interpretation of satellite images and photographs are carried out in order to study the features of the deep structure in the areas of hydrogen degassing. The results of instrumental measurements indicate that, in the areas of the basalt volcanoes location with roots at different depths, signals at hydrogen frequencies are almost always recorded. When scanning the cross-section, responses from hydrogen are recorded practically from the upper edges of basalt volcanoes to their roots. Therefore, it can be assumed that basaltic volcanoes are a kind of channels through which hydrogen migrates to the upper horizons of the crosssection and further into the atmosphere. Deep (living) water is synthesized within many basalt volcanoes at a depth of 68 km. Hydrogen-rich water is healing and can be used for wellness purposes. All previously surveyed longevity zones on the Earth are located within basalt volcanoes, in which water synthesized at a depth of 68 km migrates to the surface and is used for the water supply. Hydrogen deposits can be formed by basaltic volcanoes in adjacent sealed reservoirs. The Mali hydrogen production site is located outside the contour of the basalt volcano; hydrogen responses were recorded from marl at the well site. At local sites in the Carpathians, signals from hydrogen are obtained from dolomites and marls. Hydrogen deposits formed near basalt volcanoes in different types of reservoirs can be discovered and localized during areal exploration using the methods of frequency- resonance processing of satellite images and photographs. Direct-prospecting technology can also be used to study reservoirs in crystalline rocks (including basalts). The materials of the article, as well as the previously published results of experimental work in various regions, indicate the advisability of using direct-prospecting methods of frequency–resonance processing of satellite images and photographs to detect zones of hydrogen accumulation in areas, where basalt volcanoes are located, as well as in areas of hydrogen degassing. The use of the mobile low-cost technology will significantly speed up the exploration process for hydrogen, as well as reduce the financial costs for its implementation.

The control of magma crystallinity on the fluctuations in gas composition at open vent basaltic volcanoes

Basaltic open vent volcanoes are major global sources of volcanic gases. Many of these volcanoes outgas via intermittent Strombolian-type explosions separated by periods of passive degassing. The gas emitted during the explosions has high molar CO2/SO2 and SO2/HCl ratios, while during the passive degassing these ratios are lower. We present new laboratory experiments in a model volcanic conduit, which suggest that these differences in gas geochemistry are a consequence of gas migration through crystal-rich magma. We show that gas may flow along channels through the particle-laden liquid and, at a critical depth, the gas may displace an overlying crystal-rich plug en masse, producing a growing slug of gas. Owing to the friction on the walls of the conduit, this plug becomes progressively sheared and weakened until gas enriched in the least soluble volatiles breaks through, causing an explosion at the surface. When the gas slug bursts, liquid is drawn up in its wake, which exsolves the more soluble volatile components, which then vent passively at the surface until the next explosive slug-bursting event.