Fractography of Al and Fe Alloys – Aircraft Accident and the Other Disasters

Author(s):  
Jaroslava Svobodova
2013 ◽  
Vol 765 ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Hinton ◽  
William D. Griffiths ◽  
Nick R. Green

An experiment was undertaken to study the oxidation of liquid superpure aluminium (SP-Al) and alloys containing Mg, Si, Cu and Fe. The alloys were held at 750 °C, for a number of different holding times up to 7 hours. A comparison of the oxidation of SP-Al (superpure) held at 700 °C, 750 °C and 800 °C for 3 hours was also carried out. On observation of the samples using SEM and EDX the oxides of SP-Al and the Al-Mg alloy grew quickly (by 5.8 μm after 7 hours and 2 μm after 1 hour, respectively), in a manner reported in the literature. The other alloys had reduced rates of oxide growth, with thickness changes between 30 nm and 0.25 μm for Al-Si, Al-Cu and Al‑Fe alloys. Changes in holding temperature showed a thick oxide on samples held at 850 °C for 3 hours.


2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (18n19) ◽  
pp. 3023-3030 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. MOHAMMADYANI ◽  
M. HEYDARZADEH SOHI

Zn - Fe alloy electroplated coatings have attracted industrial interest because of their significantly higher corrosion resistance in comparison to pure zinc deposits. In this study pulse currents was applied for electrodeposition of Zn - Fe alloys, using alkaline bath. SEM studies confirmed that pulse electrodeposits are quite dense and smooth. It was also shown that increasing of peak current density (PCD) and duty cycle in pulse electrodeposition coarsen the structure and increase irregularity of the surface. Increasing of the frequency, on the other hand, results in the formation of finer structure.


Author(s):  
Jan M. Noyes ◽  
Mandana L.N. Kazem ◽  
Christopher S. Phyo

Air traffic continues to increase and there is a concern that aircraft accident and incident rates will also rise. Combine this with ever increasing automation technology, often itself introduced for safety purposes, and the results inevitably lead to an increase in the number of required cockpit warnings. The design of auditory warnings in particular is an important consideration in both civil and military aircraft. Two experiments are reported here: one which considers the role of traditional nonverbal, auditory warnings while the other investigates the concept of a non-verbal, background, auditory environment. It is concluded that non-verbal auditory warnings are useful, but there may also be some benefit in having a background ‘soundscape’ within the cockpit.


2010 ◽  
Vol 654-656 ◽  
pp. 1377-1380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Wei Zuo ◽  
En Gang Wang ◽  
Lei Qu ◽  
Peng Jia ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
...  

In this paper, the Cu-Fe alloys are fabricated by solidifying with and without a 1.0 Tesla horizontal magnetic field and they are drawn to composite wires under different drawing ratios, then their further strength and conductivity are investigated. The results show that, when the drawing ratio is lower, the strength of the Cu-Fe composites pre-solidified with a horizontal magnetic field is lower, which is caused by the coarser solidification microstructures induced by the injected magnetic field. However, the increase ratio in the strength of the Cu-Fe composites, which is plotted as a function of the Fe content and the drawing ratio, is higher in the case of the imposed magnetic field. It indicates that it is more efficient applying the magnetic field to fabricate Cu-Fe composites with high Fe contents and larger drawing ratio. A quantitative relationship is fitted to predict the influence of the Fe content on the strength of the Cu-Fe composites wires. On the other hand, the conductivity of the Cu-Fe composite wires is decreased with increasing Fe content. The injected magnetic field has no effect on the conductivity.


1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin W. Stearn

Stromatoporoids are the principal framebuilding organisms in the patch reef that is part of the reservoir of the Normandville field. The reef is 10 m thick and 1.5 km2in area and demonstrates that stromatoporoids retained their ability to build reefal edifices into Famennian time despite the biotic crisis at the close of Frasnian time. The fauna is dominated by labechiids but includes three non-labechiid species. The most abundant species isStylostroma sinense(Dong) butLabechia palliseriStearn is also common. Both these species are highly variable and are described in terms of multiple phases that occur in a single skeleton. The other species described areClathrostromacf.C. jukkenseYavorsky,Gerronostromasp. (a columnar species), andStromatoporasp. The fauna belongs in Famennian/Strunian assemblage 2 as defined by Stearn et al. (1988).


1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 207-244
Author(s):  
R. P. Kraft

(Ed. note:Encouraged by the success of the more informal approach in Christy's presentation, we tried an even more extreme experiment in this session, I-D. In essence, Kraft held the floor continuously all morning, and for the hour and a half afternoon session, serving as a combined Summary-Introductory speaker and a marathon-moderator of a running discussion on the line spectrum of cepheids. There was almost continuous interruption of his presentation; and most points raised from the floor were followed through in detail, no matter how digressive to the main presentation. This approach turned out to be much too extreme. It is wearing on the speaker, and the other members of the symposium feel more like an audience and less like participants in a dissective discussion. Because Kraft presented a compendious collection of empirical information, and, based on it, an exceedingly novel series of suggestions on the cepheid problem, these defects were probably aggravated by the first and alleviated by the second. I am much indebted to Kraft for working with me on a preliminary editing, to try to delete the side-excursions and to retain coherence about the main points. As usual, however, all responsibility for defects in final editing is wholly my own.)


1967 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 177-206
Author(s):  
J. B. Oke ◽  
C. A. Whitney

Pecker:The topic to be considered today is the continuous spectrum of certain stars, whose variability we attribute to a pulsation of some part of their structure. Obviously, this continuous spectrum provides a test of the pulsation theory to the extent that the continuum is completely and accurately observed and that we can analyse it to infer the structure of the star producing it. The continuum is one of the two possible spectral observations; the other is the line spectrum. It is obvious that from studies of the continuum alone, we obtain no direct information on the velocity fields in the star. We obtain information only on the thermodynamic structure of the photospheric layers of these stars–the photospheric layers being defined as those from which the observed continuum directly arises. So the problems arising in a study of the continuum are of two general kinds: completeness of observation, and adequacy of diagnostic interpretation. I will make a few comments on these, then turn the meeting over to Oke and Whitney.


1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
W. Iwanowska

A new 24-inch/36-inch//3 Schmidt telescope, made by C. Zeiss, Jena, has been installed since 30 August 1962, at the N. Copernicus University Observatory in Toruń. It is equipped with two objective prisms, used separately, one of crown the other of flint glass, each of 5° refracting angle, giving dispersions of 560Å/mm and 250Å/ mm respectively.


2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Pettit

Abstract Michael Tomasello explains the human sense of obligation by the role it plays in negotiating practices of acting jointly and the commitments they underwrite. He draws in his work on two models of joint action, one from Michael Bratman, the other from Margaret Gilbert. But Bratman's makes the explanation too difficult to succeed, and Gilbert's makes it too easy.


1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.


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