Driving a Partially Automated Car with the Hands On or Off the Steering Wheel: Users’ Subjective Experiences

2021 ◽  
pp. 583-592
Author(s):  
Beatrice Cahour ◽  
Forzy Jean-Francois ◽  
Koustanaï Arnaud
Keyword(s):  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Hands On

scholarly journals Hands on Wheel Classification Based on Depth Images and Neural Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 06003
Author(s):  
Jan-Christoph Schmitz ◽  
Stephan Tilgner ◽  
Kathrin Kalischewski ◽  
Daniel Wagner ◽  
Anton Kummert
Keyword(s):  
Embedded System ◽  
Class Imbalance ◽  
Computational Effort ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Depth Images ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Roof Module

This paper describes a system to automatically observe if the driver has his hands on the wheel, which is important to know that he can intervene if necessary. To accomplish this an artificial neural network is used, which utilizes depth information captured by a camera in the roof module of the car. This means that the driver and the steering wheel are viewed from above. The created classification system is described. It is designed to require as little computational effort as possible, since the target application is on an embedded system in the car. A dataset is presented and the effect of a class imbalance that is incorporated in it is studied. Furthermore, it is examined which part, i.e. the depth or the intensity image, of the available data is important to achieve the best possible performance. Finally, by examining a learning curve, an experiment is made to find out whether the recording of further training data would be reasonable.

scholarly journals Study on the Driver/Steering Wheel Interaction in Emergency Situations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7055
Author(s):  
Francesco Comolli ◽  
Massimiliano Gobbi ◽  
Gianpiero Mastinu
Keyword(s):  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Lateral Disturbance ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Three Components

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are becoming increasingly prevalent. The tuning of these systems would benefit from a deep knowledge of human behaviour, especially during emergency manoeuvres; however, this does not appear to commonly be the case. We introduced an instrumented steering wheel (ISW) to measure three components of force and three components of the moment applied by each hand, separately. Using the ISW, we studied the kick plate manoeuvre. The kick plate manoeuvre is an emergency manoeuvre to recover a lateral disturbance inducing a spin. The drivers performed the manoeuvre either keeping two hands on the steering wheel or one hand only. In both cases, a few instants after the lateral disturbance induced by the kick plate occurred, a torque peak was applied at the ISW. Such a torque appeared to be unintentional. The voluntary torque on the ISW occurred after the unintentional torque. The emergency manoeuvre performed with only one hand was quicker, since, if two hands were used, an initial fighting of the two hands against each other was present. Therefore, we propose to model the neuro-muscular activity in driver models to consider the involuntary muscular phenomena, which has a relevant effect on the vehicle dynamic response.

Analysis of Visual Scanning Patterns Comparing Drivers of Simulated L2 and L0 Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (10) ◽  
pp. 755-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Hatfield ◽  
Yusuke Yamani ◽  
Dakota B. Palmer ◽  
Sarah Yahoodik ◽  
Veronica Vasquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Visual Sampling ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lateral Positioning ◽  
Perception Training

Automated driving systems (ADS) partially or fully perform driving functions. Yet, the effects of ADS on drivers’ visual sampling patterns to the forward roadway remain underexplored. This study examined the eye movements of 24 young drivers during either manual (L0) or partially automated driving (L2) in a driving simulator. After completing a hazard anticipation training program, Road Awareness and Perception Training, drivers in both groups navigated a single simulated drive consisting of four environment types: highway, town, rural, and residential. Drivers of the simulated L2 system were instructed to keep their hands on the steering wheel and told that the system controls the speed and lateral positioning of the vehicle while avoiding potential threats on the forward roadway. The data indicate that the drivers produced fewer fixations during automated driving compared with manual driving. However, the breadth of horizontal and vertical eye movements and the mean fixation durations did not strongly support the null results between the two conditions. Existing hazard anticipation training programs may effectively protect drivers of partially automated systems from inattention to the forward roadway.

scholarly journals Optimal Time Intervals in Two-Stage Takeover Warning Systems With Insight Into the Drivers’ Neuroticism Personality

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Yilin Zeng ◽  
Zhen Yang ◽  
Chunyan Kang ◽  
Changxu Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Hands On

Conditional automated driving [level 3, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)] requires drivers to take over the vehicle when an automated system’s failure occurs or is about to leave its operational design domain. Two-stage warning systems, which warn drivers in two steps, can be a promising method to guide drivers in preparing for the takeover. However, the proper time intervals of two-stage warning systems that allow drivers with different personalities to prepare for the takeover remain unclear. This study explored the optimal time intervals of two-stage warning systems with insights into the drivers’ neuroticism personality. A total of 32 drivers were distributed into two groups according to their self-ratings in neuroticism (high vs. low). Each driver experienced takeover under the two-stage warning systems with four time intervals (i.e., 3, 5, 7, and 9 s). The takeover performance (i.e., hands-on-steering-wheel time, takeover time, and maximum resulting acceleration) and subjective opinions (i.e., appropriateness and usefulness) for time intervals and situation awareness (SA) were recorded. The results showed that drivers in the 5-s time interval had the best takeover preparation (fast hands-on steering wheel responses and sufficient SA). Furthermore, both the 5- and 7-s time intervals resulted in more rapid takeover reactions and were rated more appropriate and useful than the 3- and 9-s time intervals. In terms of personality, drivers with high neuroticism tended to take over immediately after receiving takeover messages, at the cost of SA deficiency. In contrast, drivers with low neuroticism responded safely by judging whether they gained enough SA. We concluded that the 5-s time interval was optimal for drivers in two-stage takeover warning systems. When considering personality, drivers with low neuroticism had no strict requirements for time intervals. However, the extended time intervals were favorable for drivers with high neuroticism in developing SA. The present findings have reference implications for designers and engineers to set the time intervals of two-stage warning systems according to the neuroticism personality of drivers.

A wireless steering wheel gripping sensor for hands on/off detection

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Muhlbacher-Karrer ◽  
Lisa-Marie Faller ◽  
Raiyan Hamid ◽  
Hubert Zangl
Keyword(s):  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Hands On

Patterns of Arm Position during Normal Driving

1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Viano ◽  
Milan Patel ◽  
Michael A. Ciccone
Keyword(s):  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Arm Position ◽  
Side Impacts ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Serious Injury ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Crash Tests ◽  
Open Road

Left arm position was determined from movies taken by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety of 1890 vehicles approaching an intersection on a normal two-lane road. The dynamics of driving were apparent as the drivers shifted their left arms from the armrest to place their hands on the steering wheel 23.8% of the time when stopping at intersections. Whereas drivers used the armrest 34.4% of the time on the open road, the armrest was used only 10.6% of the time at the intersection. The driver's left hand was on the steering wheel 69.6% of the time at the intersection. Use of the windowsill to rest the arm varied among passenger cars, trucks/vans, and sports cars primarily because of differences in shoulder and windowsill height. A lower relative position in trucks and vans promoted use of the windowsill to rest the arm. Given that serious injury in multivehicle side impacts most frequently occurs in intersection crashes, design improvements of the side interior should focus on direct loading of the chest and abdomen. In addition, crash tests should be set up with the dummy's left hand on the steering wheel and arm away from the side.

Cognitive Workload Using Interactive Voice Messaging Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1894-1898 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Coleman ◽  
Jonna Turrill ◽  
Joel M. Cooper ◽  
David L. Strayer
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
The Road ◽  
Human Voice ◽  
Cognitive Distraction ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Voice Messaging ◽  
On The Road ◽  
E Mail

The current research sought to understand the sources of cognitive distraction stemming from voice-based in-vehicle infotainment systems (IVIS) to send and receive textual information. Three experiments each evaluated 1) a baseline single-task condition, 2) listening to e-mail/text messages read by a “natural” pre-recorded human voice, 3) listening to e-mail/text messages read by a “synthetic” computerized text-to-speech system, 4) listening and composing replies to e-mail/text messages read by a “natural” voice, and 5) listening and composing replies to e-mail/text messages read by a “synthetic” voice. Each task allowed the driver to keep their eyes on the road and their hands on the steering wheel, thus any impairment to driving was caused by the diversion of non-visual attention away from the task of operating the motor vehicle.

Automatic emergency steering interventions with hands on and off the steering wheel

2021 ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Alexander K. Böhm ◽  
Luis Kalb ◽  
Yuki Nakahara ◽  
Tsutomu Tamura ◽  
Robert Fuchs
Keyword(s):  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Hands On

Hands-on-the-Wheel: Exploring the Design Space on the Back Side of a Steering Wheel

2014 ◽  
pp. 299-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Meschtscherjakov ◽  
David Wilfinger ◽  
Martin Murer ◽  
Sebastian Osswald ◽  
Manfred Tscheligi
Keyword(s):  
Design Space ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Back Side ◽  
Hands On
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