Historical Background: From the Past to Present

Author(s):  
John B. Dixon ◽  
T. Rice
Neurosurgery ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 74 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S92-S101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge L. Eller ◽  
Travis M. Dumont ◽  
Grant C. Sorkin ◽  
Maxim Mokin ◽  
Elad I. Levy ◽  
...  

Abstract Carotid artery stenting has become a viable alternative to carotid endarterectomy in the management of carotid stenosis. Over the past 20 years, many trials have attempted to compare both treatment modalities and establish the indications for each one, depending on clinical and anatomic features presented by patients. Concurrently, carotid stenting techniques and devices have evolved and made endovascular management of carotid stenosis safe and effective. Among the most important innovations are devices for distal and proximal embolic protection and new stent designs. This paper reviews these advances in the endovascular management of carotid artery stenosis within the context of the historical background.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-47
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran Qureshi ◽  
Nohman Khan

The recent deadly outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-COVID) accompanying human to human spread caused severe human infections.  COVID19 initially encountered at the city of Wuhan in Hubei province in China.  It spread rapidly, and the number of infected people, as well as fatality ratio, increased drastically around the globe. This study aims to identify the historical background of the coronavirus family that is already affected the civilization and animals. This study overviewed the overall literature published on the Coronavirus. The Scopus database is selected to analyse the published literature. The research methodology followed a strict screening process recommended in the PRISMA statement framework (2015) for the screening and quality assessment of systematic literature review. Final 41 studies were included for the systematic literature review. A systematic review of the past literature identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS), bovine Coronavirus, canine Coronavirus and feline Coronavirus are the significant classifications of Coronavirus family discuss in the literature. This study contributes to the literature by providing an elaboration of detailed mapping of the existing literature on the reviews of Coronavirus pandemic that is a more significant challenge for humanity in the current circumstances. Finally, the future of the world after the 2019-COVID is more challenging and vital for understanding in terms of economic and social perspective. Social structures will change the current situation is showing based on literature and reports. The economic recession will be prolonged if the researchers are not able to find the solution for the Coronavirus.


2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatole Romaniuc

This paper endeavours to capture the broad configuration of demographic evolution of the Aboriginal peoples of Canada from the early contacts with Europeans to the present. The main stages thereof are identified and the underlying factors explored, against the historical background of Aboriginal and European civilisations' encounter. While taking stock of the past, the paper takes a glimpse into the future. It concludes with a review of demographically-driven policy issues that the First Nations are likely to confront as they step into the 21s Century.


Author(s):  
Beatriz Gómez ◽  
Shigeru Iwakabe ◽  
Alexandre Vaz

Interest in psychotherapy integration has steadily expanded over the past decades, reaching most continents of the world and more mental health professionals than ever. Nevertheless, a country’s cultural and historical background significantly influences the nurturance or hindrance of integrative endeavors. This chapter seeks to explicate the current climate of psychotherapy integration in different continents and specific countries. With the aid of local integrative scholars, brief descriptions are presented on integrative practice, training, and research, as well as on cultural and sociopolitical issues that have shaped this movement’s impact around the world.


Author(s):  
Jaime Schultz ◽  
Shelley Lucas

This chapter focuses on a defunct version of high school girls' basketball known as “six-on-six” and how it expressed community identity in Iowa. Throughout the twentieth century, more than a million Iowa high school girls played the half-court, two-dribble version of basketball known as “six-on-six.” Originally conceived to accommodate girls and women's perceived physical limitations, six-on-six basketball often lent itself to fast-paced, high-scoring, crowd-rallying competitions. This chapter first provides a historical background on six-player basketball in Iowa before discussing how girls' six-on-six basketball has been relegated to the past, yet lives on in many places and memories, thanks in part to new technologies and understandings of community. It argues that the history of Iowa's six-player basketball is alive and thriving in alternative forms, citing the emergence of new, transitory communities to sustain its remembrance. The chapter considers two sites: a 2003 reunion game that gathered former players and supporters, and a Facebook page which fosters a virtual kinship of more than 7,000 members.


1988 ◽  
Vol 110 (4b) ◽  
pp. 1082-1096 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Bergles

During the past twenty-five years, heat transfer enhancement has grown at a rapid rate to the point where it can be regarded as a major field of endeavor, a second-generation heat transfer technology. After some historical background, mention of the driving trends, and a review of the various convective enhancement techniques, four areas of major contemporary interest are discussed: structured surfaces for shellside boiling, rough surfaces in tubes, offset strip fins, and microfin tubes for refrigerant evaporators and condensers. The review concludes with developments in the major areas of application.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques LeBlanc

The stratigraphic knowledge of Panama was, until now, spread over hundreds of scientific/geologic publications written during the past 120 years. The construction of the Panama Canal during the early twentieth century helped galvanizing the engineering and geological disciplines to understand the tectonic, sedimentation and biodiversity of the Cenozoic Era in this part of the world. Later, few petroleum companies arrived on the scene and contributed to our knowledge of the sub-surface. The past thirty years saw a surge of studies by many institutions in areas away from the Canal, such as in Darien, Azuero Peninsula, Bocas del Toro, and the Burica Peninsula near the Costa Rica Border. Our most recent knowledge came from the widening of the Panama Canal between 2007 and 2016. It is from all these older and recent studies that the present Lexicon draws its content. It provides the historical background of all described geological units in Panama and summarizes the lithological and paleontological knowledge of each units in an easy-to-search format.


Author(s):  
Walter S. Reiter

The Early Music revival has had far-reaching consequences on how music of the past is performed, both by specialists and non-specialists. This timely book is a practical step-by-step course of lessons for violinists and violists in both these categories, covering the interpretation, technique, culture, and historical background of the Baroque violin repertoire. Written by a violinist and teacher specializing in Baroque music over many years, it guides readers from the basics (how to hold the violin) to Bach, via music from a wide variety of styles. Avoiding obscure musicological jargon, it is eminently readable and accessible. Packed with information, detailed observations on the music under discussion, and relevant quotations from historical and contemporary sources, it covers everything the Baroque violin student should know and may be considered the equivalent of two to three years of individual lessons. The book contains over 100 exercises devised for and tested on students over the years. The author’s holistic approach is evident through the exercises aimed at bringing out the individual voice of each student, and his insistence that what happens within, the identification and manipulation of affects, is a vital part of successful performance. Imitating the voice, both spoken and sung, is a constant theme, beginning with the simple device of playing words. There are fifty lessons, including five Ornamentation Modules and ones on specific topics: temperament, rhetoric, the affects, and so on. All the music, transcribed for both violin and viola, is downloadable from the website, where there is also a series of videos.


Author(s):  
Qi Fu

For the past five months, I have been working on researching and digitizing a set of twenty-four Chinese papercut posters at W.D. Jordan Rare Books and Special Collections. Using the web publishing platform Omeka, the project combined the digital images of the papercut posters and all the metadata including title, translation, historical background and dimensions. This set of papercuts reflects the history of the Chinese revolution from the founding of the Chinese Communist Party to the establishment of People's Republic of China. This set includes the most representative events in all stages of the revolution creating a microcosm of the history of the Chinese people seeking liberation. Among these historical events, the majority of them were also displayed in the film “The East Is Red” which is a “song and dance epic” filmed in 1965 for celebrating the 15th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese papercut posters online collection preserves and increases accessibility to these rare materials of which there is only one other collection online. By accessing to this site, more scholars can study this unique collection without time and location limitation. Website Link: http://postercollection.omeka.net/collections/show/1


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