Different Growth Measures on Different Vertical Scales

2016 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Dongmei Li
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Scales

Legibility Study of Selected Scale Characteristics for Moving-Tape Instruments

1965 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Kelso
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Scale Factors ◽  
Scale Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Vertical Scales ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

A legibility study was performed to investigate the effects of scale factors, graduation marks, orientation of scales, and reading conditions on the speed and accuracy of reading moving-tape instruments. Each of 150 Air Force Officers made 150 self-paced readings from slides of hand drawn tape instruments. Error was expressed as the magnitude of deviation of a subjects' verbal response from the set scale value. An analysis of variance was performed on the mean error scores, standard deviations of error, mean reaction times, and standard deviations of reaction times. The results clearly favored the 1 7/8 inch scale factor over the 1 3/8 inch and the 2 3/8 scale factor. The use of 9 graduation marks was superior to either 0, 1, 3, or 4 graduation marks. Reading conditions had little effect on performance. Horizontal scales were read more rapidly but no more accurately than vertical scales.

scholarly journals Impact of pitch angle fluctuations on airborne lidar forward sensing along the flight direction

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3851-3864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Sergeevich Gurvich ◽  
Victor Alexeevich Kulikov
Keyword(s):  
Pitch Angle ◽  
Beam Steering ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Aerosol Layer ◽  
Flight Direction ◽  
Air Turbulence ◽  
Shear Turbulence ◽  
Geometrical Factors ◽  
Vertical Scales

Abstract. Airborne lidar forward sensing along the flight direction can serve for notification of clear air turbulence (CAT) and help to prevent injuries or fatal air accidents. The validation of this concept was presented in the framework of the DELICAT (DEmonstration of LIdar-based CAT detection) project. However, the strong variations in signal level, which were observed during the DELICAT measurements but not explained, sometimes indicated the need of a better understanding the observational errors due to geometrical factors. In this paper, we discuss possible error sources pertinent to this technique, related to fluctuations of the flight parameters, which may lead to strong signal variations caused by the random deviations of the sensing beam from the forward flight trajectory. We analyze the variations in backscattered lidar signal caused by fluctuations of the most important forward-sensing flight parameter, the pitch angle. The fluctuation values considered in the paper correspond to the error limits of the compensational gyro platform used in civil aviation. The part of the pitch angle fluctuations not compensated for by the beam-steering device in the presence of aerosol concentration variations can lead to noticeable signal variations that can be mistakenly attributed to wind shear, turbulence, or fast evolution of the aerosol layer. We formulate the criteria that allow the recognition of signal variations caused by pitch angle fluctuations. Influence of these fluctuations is shown to be stronger for aerosol variations on smaller vertical scales. An example of DELICAT observations indicating a noticeable pitch angle fluctuation impact is presented.

Vertical Scales

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Young
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Scales

Stable boundary layer vertical scales in the Arctic: observations and analyses at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard

2016 ◽  
Vol 142 (696) ◽  
pp. 1250-1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mazzola ◽  
F. Tampieri ◽  
A.P. Viola ◽  
C. Lanconelli ◽  
T. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Stable Boundary Layer ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Stable Boundary ◽  
Vertical Scales

SCALE INVARIANCE AND STRATIFICATION: THE UNIFIED MULTIFRACTAL MODEL OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

Fractals ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 329-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. TCHIGUIRINSKAIA
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Scale Invariance ◽  
Physical Phenomenon ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Observational Evidence ◽  
Wide Variability ◽  
Continuous Dynamic ◽  
Vertical Scales

A fairly large body of observational evidence shows that the hydraulic conductivity is an extremely heterogeneous physical phenomenon that exhibits wide variability over a broad range of horizontal and vertical scales. Stochastic multifractals that result from continuous dynamic cascades are suggested as an appropriate model to capture the scale-invariance and stratification of the Columbus site hydraulic conductivity. Then, observed interrelations between estimates of multifractal parameters, those characterize vertical and horizontal scaling regimes, are interpreted by the unified multifractal model.

The Effect of the Operator's Handedness on Some Directional Stereotypes in Control-Display Relationships

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonse Chapanis ◽  
Bernard A. Gropper
Keyword(s):  
Initial Direction ◽  
Clockwise Rotation ◽  
Control Knob ◽  
Left Handed ◽  
Common Control ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Vertical Scales

Recommendations about preferred directions of movement for controls and displays are based almost exclusively on right-handed persons. This experiment has studied some common control-display movement stereotypes to find out if these stereotypes are equally valid for left- and right-handed subjects. Our apparatus presented a scale that could be oriented horizontally or vertically. The numbers on the scale increased either right-to-left or left-to-right for the horizontal scales, or up-to-down or down-to-up for the vertical scales. The linkage between the movement of a control knob and the movement of the hairline on the scale was reversible so that a clockwise rotation of the knob could be made to move the hairline toward either end of the scale. We recorded (1) the direction of the first movement made by the subject on each trial, (2) the total number of reversal movements made on each setting, (3) the time taken to make a setting, and (4) the actual setting made (and so, of course, setting errors). We tested 64 subjects, 32 left-handed and 32 right-handed, each using his preferred and non-preferred hands. Significant differences were found in the time to make settings, the number of reversal movements, and errors in initial direction of movement as functions of handedness and the various apparatus relationships. In addition to overall differences between the performance of the left- and right-handed subjects, the two groups behaved differently on some measures when using their preferred and non-preferred hands.

scholarly journals Variable anisotropy of small-scale stratospheric irregularities retrieved from stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS/Envisat

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 1861-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kan ◽  
V. F. Sofieva ◽  
F. Dalaudier
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Anisotropy Coefficient ◽  
Atmospheric Parameters ◽  
Air Density ◽  
Ozone Monitoring ◽  
D Model ◽  
Vertical Scales ◽  
Stellar Scintillation ◽  
Variable Anisotropy

Abstract. In this paper, we consider possibilities for studying the anisotropy of small-scale air density irregularities using satellite observations of bi-chromatic stellar scintillations during tangential occultations. Estimation of the anisotropy coefficient (the ratio of the characteristic horizontal to vertical scales) and other atmospheric parameters is based on the comparison of simulated/theoretical and experimental auto-spectra and coherency spectra of scintillation. Our analyses exploit a 3-D model of the spectrum of atmospheric inhomogeneities, which consists of anisotropic and isotropic components. For the anisotropic component, a spectral model with variable anisotropy is used. Using stellar scintillation measurements by GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars) fast photometers, estimates of the anisotropy coefficient are obtained for atmospheric irregularities with vertical scales of 8–55 m at altitudes of 43–30 km. It is shown that the anisotropy increases from about 10 to 50 with increasing vertical scales.

Dominant vertical scales of gravity waves in the middle atmosphere observed with the MU radar and rocketsondes

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Murayama ◽  
T Tsuda ◽  
M Yamamoto ◽  
T Nakamura ◽  
T Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Middle Atmosphere ◽  
Mu Radar ◽  
Vertical Scales

Inertia-gravity waves beyond the inertial latitude. Part 1. Inviscid singular focusing

2010 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
pp. 478-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
VICTOR I. SHRIRA ◽  
WILLIAM A. TOWNSEND
Keyword(s):  
Wave Field ◽  
Internal Waves ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Deep Ocean ◽  
Vertical Shear ◽  
Buoyancy Frequency ◽  
Local Minima ◽  
Wave Evolution ◽  
Vertical Scales ◽  
Inertia Gravity Waves

The paper is concerned with analytical study of inertia-gravity waves in rotating density-stratified ideal fluid confined in a spherical shell. It primarily aims at clarifying the possible role of these motions in deep ocean mixing. Recently, it was found that on the ‘non-traditional’ β-plane inertia-gravity internal waves can propagate polewards beyond their inertial latitude, where the wave frequency equals the local Coriolis parameter, by turning into subinertial modes trapped in the narrowing waveguides around the local minima of buoyancy frequency N. The behaviour of characteristics was established: wave horizontal and vertical scales decrease as the wave advances polewards and tend to zero at a latitude corresponding to an attractor of characteristics. However, the basic questions about wave evolution, its quantitative description and the possibility of its reflection from the critical latitude remain open. The present work addresses these issues by studying the linear inviscid evolution of finite bandwidth wavepackets on the ‘non-traditional’ β-plane past the inertial latitude for generic oceanic stratification. Beyond the inertial latitude, the wave field is confined in narrowing waveguides of three distinct generic types around different local minima of the buoyancy frequency. In the oceanic context, the widest is adjacent to the flat bottom, the thinnest is the upper mixed layer, and the middle one is located between the seasonal and main thermocline. We find explicit asymptotic solutions describing the wave field in the WKB approximation. As a byproduct, the conservation of wave action principle is explicitly formulated for all types of internal waves on the ‘non-traditional’ β-plane. The wave velocities and vertical shear tend to infinity and become singular at the attractor latitude or its vicinity for both monochromatic and finite bandwidth packets. We call this phenomenon singular focusing. These WKB solutions are shown to remain valid up to singularity for the bottom and mid-ocean waveguides. The main conclusion is that even in the inviscid setting the wave evolution towards smaller and smaller horizontal and vertical scales is irreversible: there is no reflection. For situations typical of deep ocean, a simultaneous increase in wave amplitude and decrease of vertical scale causes a sharp increase of vertical shear, which may lead to wave breaking and increased mixing.

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