The 4th Wave Evolution of Digital Citizenship Concept? Proposing Digital Citizenship Concept for Malaysia Context

Online world demands new sets of characteristics to warrant the ability to cope with its constantly evolving challenges and risks. Digital citizenship, a concept introduced, focusing on new ways of learning and exploring in an online environment safely, securely, and appropriately. The evolution of digital citizenship could be seen along with the changes in technology used in education, and requires students to engage with technology longer hours than before. Thus, how can we approach the challenge of using technology actively and immersively, while maintaining sanity and wellness, and building resilience to potential online risk? Thus, this conceptual paper proposes a new concept of digital citizenship by bridging the notions of wellness and resilience from the psychology discipline into digital citizenship, for its feasibility in the Malaysian educational context. This paper argues the necessity and potential integration of the spiritual element that is lacking in the existing digital citizenship concept, which has proven its significance in enhancing wellness and resilience of adolescent in the literature. It is hoped this fourth wave of proposed digital citizenship concept would bring fruitful discussion and contribute to a better understanding of how one might better socialize online or participate with others in a positive and meaningful way. Thus, only then, digital resilience and digital wellness will be established and a better future online society will be formed.

The physics of ocean wave evolution within tropical cyclones

A series of numerical experiments with the WAVEWATCH III spectral wave model are used to investigate the physics of wave evolution in tropical cyclones. Buoy observations show that tropical cyclone wave spectra are directionally skewed with a continuum of energy between locally generated wind-sea and remotely generated waves. These systems are often separated by more than 900. The model spectra are consistent with the observed buoy data and are shown to be governed by nonlinear wave-wave interactions which result in a cascade of energy from the wind-sea to the remotely generated spectral peak. The peak waves act in a “parasitic” manner taking energy from the wind-sea to maintain their growth. The critical role of nonlinear processes explains why one-dimensional tropical cyclone spectra have characteristics very similar to fetch-limited waves, even though the generation system is far more complex. The results also provide strong validation of the critical role nonlinear interactions play in wind-wave evolution.

Wave development and transformation under strong offshore winds: modelling by DNS and kinetic equations and comparison with airborne measurements

<p>Transformation of spectral shape during wind wave development and the transition from the spectrum of developing waves to the spectrum of fully developed waves are well documented in measurements, but have so far escaped all modelling, as well as theoretical explanation. Numerical models of long-term wind wave evolution are based on the Hasselmann kinetic equation (KE). The KE predicts strict self-similarity beyond the initial several thousand characteristic periods of wave development, and therefore cannot describe the subsequent change of spectral shape. Instead, it predicts that the self-similar spectral shape, with a steep front and an enhanced peak, holds at arbitrary fetch, notwithstanding the experimental evidence that mature waves are characterised by the much wider Pierson-Moskowitz spectral shape.</p><p>To resolve the contradiction, we perform long-term modelling of wind wave evolution by direct numerical simulation (DNS), based on the Zakharov equation. We model a particular class of situations when the wave field at hand is generated by a strong quasi-stationary offshore wind jet, which is caused by pressure differences and accelerates passing through a valley into the sea. Examples of such phenomena are the Tehuano event off the Pacific coast of Mexico, and the Mistral in the northern Mediterranean. Modelling results are compared with the airborne observations of waves generated by these winds, collected during GOTEX and HYMEX experiments respectively. In parallel we also perform numerical simulations with the Hasselmann kinetic equation and the generalised kinetic equation. For modelling of waves off the Mexican coast, wind data are taken from measurements during the GOTEX experiment, and the initial conditions from the measured spectrum at the moment when wind waves prevail over swell after a short initial part of the evolution. Waves in the Mediterranean Sea are modelled with constant wind forcing and zero initial condition.</p><p>We show that the evolution of integral characteristics, e.g. significant wave height and wave steepness, is reproduced reasonably well by all modelling approaches. However, the spectral shape of developed waves demonstrates a large discrepancy between, on the one hand, the measured spectra and the DNS modelling and, on the other hand, spectra modelled by both kinetic equations. At the intermediate and advanced stage of development, both measured spectra and the DNS spectra tend to Pierson-Moskowitz spectral shape, while the modelling based on the kinetic equations invariably predicts spectra with a higher, more pronounced peak. In terms of the parameter of spectral peakedness, a commonly convenient measure of spectral shape, there is a large (of order one) discrepancy.</p><p>We propose a theoretical explanation of the discrepancy as being due to the neglect of non-gaussianity in the derivation of the kinetic equations, and provide a numerical confirmation of this hypothesis.</p>

HIGH ORDER NONLINEAR WAVE INTERACTIONS FROM DEEP TO FINITE WATER DEPTH WITH BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY CHANGE

In recent years, freak wave/rouge wave has become an important problem in science and engineering. Modulational instability is considered to be an important factor leading to freak wave in the wave evolution of deep water, and Janssen (2003) defined Benjamin-Feir index (BFI) to reflect it. Mori and Janssen (2006) gave the occurrence probability of freak waves based on a weakly non-Gaussian theory, and distribution of wave height is determined by skewness and kurtosis of surface elevation to a considerable extent in deep water. According to observational record, freak wave has not only been found in deep water in the ocean, but also been observed in shallow water and coastal areas. In the process of water wave entering continental shelf, water depth is changing with mild slope after a long distance propagation. This study focus on investigating how water depth affect skewness and kurtosis in the high order nonlinear wave evolution from deep water to finite water depth in two-dimension.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/a8LiJvXWRrw