Signaling Mechanisms in l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia

Opioid signaling plays a central role in pain perception. As such, it remains the main target in the development of antinociceptive agents, despite serious side effects involved. In recent years, hopes for improved opioid painkillers are rising, together with our understanding of allosterism and biased signaling mechanisms. In this review, we focus on recently discovered allosteric modulators of opioid receptors, insights into phenomena underlying their action, as well as on how they extend our understanding of mechanisms of previously known compounds. A brief overlook of their synthesis is also presented.

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Spinal and afferent PKC signaling mechanisms that mediate chronic pain in sickle cell disease

Neuroscience Letters ◽

10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.055 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 706 ◽

pp. 56-60

Author(s):

Ying He ◽

Zaijie Jim Wang

Keyword(s):

Chronic Pain ◽

Sickle Cell Disease ◽

Sickle Cell ◽

Cell Disease ◽

Signaling Mechanisms ◽

Pkc Signaling

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Cellular Signaling Mechanisms of Hypocretin/Orexin

Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience - The Orexin System. Basic Science and Role in Sleep Pathology ◽

10.1159/000514962 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 91-102

Author(s):

Jyrki P. Kukkonen ◽

Pauli M. Turunen

Keyword(s):

Cellular Signaling ◽

Signaling Mechanisms

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The Pleiotropic Intricacies of Hedgehog Signaling: From Craniofacial Patterning to Carcinogenesis

FACE ◽

10.1177/27325016211024326 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 273250162110243

Author(s):

Mikhail Pakvasa ◽

Andrew B. Tucker ◽

Timothy Shen ◽

Tong-Chuan He ◽

Russell R. Reid

Keyword(s):

Intracellular Signaling ◽

Limb Development ◽

Hedgehog Signaling ◽

Target Genes ◽

Craniofacial Development ◽

Signaling Cascade ◽

Signaling Mechanisms ◽

Intracellular Signaling Cascade ◽

And Function

Hedgehog signaling was discovered more than 40 years ago in experiments demonstrating that it is a fundamental mediator of limb development. Since that time, it has been shown to be important in development, homeostasis, and disease. The hedgehog pathway proceeds through a pathway highly conserved throughout animals beginning with the extracellular diffusion of hedgehog ligands, proceeding through an intracellular signaling cascade, and ending with the activation of specific target genes. A vast amount of research has been done elucidating hedgehog signaling mechanisms and regulation. This research has found a complex system of genetics and signaling that helps determine how organisms develop and function. This review provides an overview of what is known about hedgehog genetics and signaling, followed by an in-depth discussion of the role of hedgehog signaling in craniofacial development and carcinogenesis.

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Pathophysiology and Treatment of Pruritus in Elderly

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010174 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 174

Author(s):

Bo Young Chung ◽

Ji Young Um ◽

Jin Cheol Kim ◽

Seok Young Kang ◽

Chun Wook Park ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Diseases ◽

Unknown Origin ◽

The Elderly ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Multiple Factors ◽

Signaling Mechanisms ◽

Novel Drugs ◽

Neuropathic Pruritus ◽

Chronic Pruritus

Pruritus is a relatively common symptom that anyone can experience at any point in their life and is more common in the elderly. Pruritus in elderly can be defined as chronic pruritus in a person over 65 years old. The pathophysiology of pruritus in elderly is still unclear, and the quality of life is reduced. Generally, itch can be clinically classified into six types: Itch caused by systemic diseases, itch caused by skin diseases, neuropathic pruritus, psychogenic pruritus, pruritus with multiple factors, and from unknown causes. Senile pruritus can be defined as a chronic pruritus of unknown origin in elderly people. Various neuronal mediators, signaling mechanisms at neuronal terminals, central and peripheral neurotransmission pathways, and neuronal sensitizations are included in the processes causing itch. A variety of therapies are used and several novel drugs are being developed to relieve itch, including systemic and topical treatments.

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