The Cytoskeleton of Pollen Tubes and How It Determines the Physico-mechanical Properties of Cell Wall

2017 ◽  
pp. 35-62
Author(s):  
Giampiero Cai ◽  
Luigi Parrotta ◽  
Mauro Cresti
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pollen Tubes

scholarly journals KATANIN-dependent mechanical properties of the stigmatic cell wall mediate the pollen tube path in Arabidopsis

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Riglet ◽  
Frédérique Rozier ◽  
Chie Kodera ◽  
Simone Bovio ◽  
Julien Sechet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Mechanical Anisotropy ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Cortical Microtubules ◽  
Isotropic Reorientation

Successful fertilization in angiosperms depends on the proper trajectory of pollen tubes through the pistil tissues to reach the ovules. Pollen tubes first grow within the cell wall of the papilla cells, applying pressure to the cell. Mechanical forces are known to play a major role in plant cell shape by controlling the orientation of cortical microtubules (CMTs), which in turn mediate deposition of cellulose microfibrils (CMFs). Here, by combining imaging, genetic and chemical approaches, we show that isotropic reorientation of CMTs and CMFs in aged Col-0 and katanin1-5 (ktn1-5) papilla cells is accompanied by a tendency of pollen tubes to coil around the papillae. We show that this coiled phenotype is associated with specific mechanical properties of the cell walls that provide less resistance to pollen tube growth. Our results reveal an unexpected role for KTN1 in pollen tube guidance on the stigma by ensuring mechanical anisotropy of the papilla cell wall.

scholarly journals Addition of Phenylboronic Acid to Malus domestica Pollen Tubes Alters Calcium Dynamics, Disrupts Actin Filaments and Affects Cell Wall Architecture

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. e0149232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kefeng Fang ◽  
Sai Gao ◽  
Weiwei Zhang ◽  
Yu Xing ◽  
Qingqin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Actin Filaments ◽  
Phenylboronic Acid ◽  
Pollen Tubes ◽  
Calcium Dynamics ◽  
Cell Wall Architecture

Comparison of mechanical properties of thermally modified wood at growth ring and cell wall level by means of instrumented indentation tests

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Stanzl-Tschegg ◽  
Wilfried Beikircher ◽  
Dieter Loidl
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Instrumented Indentation ◽  
Indentation Tests

Abstract Thermal modification is a well established method to improve the dimensional stability and the durability for outdoor use of wood. Unfortunately, these improvements are usually accompanied with a deterioration of mechanical performance (e.g., reduced strength or higher brittleness). In contrast, our investigations of the hardness properties in the longitudinal direction of beech wood revealed a significant improvement with thermal modification. Furthermore, we applied instrumented indentation tests on different hierarchical levels of wood structure (growth ring and cell wall level) to gain closer insights on the mechanisms of thermal treatment of wood on mechanical properties. This approach provides a variety of mechanical data (e.g., elastic parameters, hardness parameters, and viscoelastic properties) from one single experiment. Investigations on the influence of thermal treatment on the mechanical properties of beech revealed similar trends on the growth ring as well as the on the cell wall level of the wood structure.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the physical and mechanical properties of wood using a novel organo-montmorillonite/hyperbranched polyacrylate emulsion

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Xu ◽  
Xiaoyan Li ◽  
Ling Long ◽  
Ru Liu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Sample ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
Populus Cathayana ◽  
Modified Wood

AbstractIn this work, a novel waterborne hyperbranched polyacrylate (HBPA) dispersed organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) emulsion was synthesized and used for the treatment of wood in a vacuum environment in order to enhance the physical and mechanical properties of the wood. The sapwood of Cathay poplar (Populus cathayana Rehd.) and Radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) were used as the samples for experimentation. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of the wood improved significantly due to the successful penetration of the OMMT and HBPA into the wood cell wall. From it was also observed that OMET completely exfoliated from the HBPA matrix and formed a hydrophobic film covering on the inside walls of the cell lumen. Further, it was observed that the poplar sample displayed better mechanical properties than the pine sample because the pine has a more compact structure when compared to poplar and contains rosin. Furthermore, it was also observed that the mechanical properties of the modified wood sample gradually improved with an increase in the concentration of the emulsion. However, excessive concentration (>4 wt%) did not lead to further improvement.

scholarly journals Evolution of flax cell wall ultrastructure and mechanical properties during the retting step

2019 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 48-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Bourmaud ◽  
David Siniscalco ◽  
Loïc Foucat ◽  
Camille Goudenhooft ◽  
Xavier Falourd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Ultrastructure ◽  
Wall Ultrastructure

scholarly journals Effect of mcl-PHA synthesis in flax on plant mechanical properties and cell wall composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Wróbel-Kwiatkowska ◽  
Mateusz Kropiwnicki ◽  
Jacek Żebrowski ◽  
Athanasios Beopoulos ◽  
Lucyna Dymińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Wall Composition

scholarly journals Mechanism of formation of spiral grain in Aesculus stems: dissymmetry of deformation of stems caused by cyclic torsion

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Pyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Cell Wall ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Spiral Grain ◽  
Cyclic Torsion ◽  
The Right

The reversibility of deformation of young (3-10-year-old) <i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i> stems was investigated after subjecting them to alternate torsion to the right and left as well as the orientation of the microfibrillar helix in the main S<sub>2</sub> layer of the secondary cell wall in fibres. The studies demonstrated that residual torsions to the right are larger than to the left. The orientation of the fibrillar helix is always Z-wise. The dissymmetry of the mechanical properties of the stem may be responsible for the formation of Z (right-oriented) spiral grain in the stem of a tree undergoing torsions in various directions under the action of winds

Influence of process conditions on hygroscopicity and mechanical properties of European beech thermally modified in a high-pressure reactor system

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 971-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Holger Militz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Reactor System ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Vapor Sorption ◽  
Property Changes ◽  
Closed Reactor

Abstract European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was thermally modified in a closed reactor system under various process conditions. Sorption cycles, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) measurements, and a three-point bending test were performed on thermally modified wood (TMW) to assess hygroscopicity and mechanical properties. As a function of mass loss (ML), the initial equilibrium moisture content (EMC) measured at 20°C/65% relative humidity (RH) directly after the process was strongly influenced by the RH during the process. This effect is explained by realignments of amorphous polymers in the cell wall ultra-structure in the course of thermal modification (TM). However, the EMC of TMW gradually increased after sorption cycles consisting of conditioning over liquid water and water-soaking. This increase was most distinct for TMW modified at low RH, which is an indication for reversible ultra-structural realignments. Results of the bending test suggest that structural realignments also hindered the plastic flow of amorphous cell wall polymers, thereby reducing inelastic toughness and inelastic deflection, while other bending properties were solely affected by ML alone. Process conditions in a closed reactor systems have a profound impact on resulting wood properties, and thus, the partial reversibility of these property changes need to be considered during the application.

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