Meeting Growing Threats of Misuse of Toxic Chemicals: Building a Global Chemical Safety and Security Architecture and Promoting International Cooperation

We formulated the principles of designing bioluminescent enzyme tests for assessing the quality of complex media which consist in providing the maximum sensitivity to potentially toxic chemicals at a minimal impact of uncontaminated complex media. The developed principles served as a basis for designing a new bioluminescent method for an integrated rapid assessment of chemical safety of fruits and vegetables which is based on using the luminescent bacterium enzymes (NAD(P)H:FMN oxidoreductase and luciferase) as a test system.

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International Cooperation on Hazardous Substances and Wastes

10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.228 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Henrik Selin

Keyword(s):

International Cooperation ◽

Organic Pollutants ◽

Persistent Organic Pollutants ◽

Policy Making ◽

Local Level ◽

Hazardous Substances ◽

International Labor Organization ◽

Chemical Safety ◽

Global Environment Facility ◽

Institutional Linkages

Various chemicals and heavy metals are released into the environment through industrial and manufacturing processes, agricultural use, the use of industrial and consumer goods, and the mismanagement and dumping of wastes. Such releases can cause major environmental and human health problems, both at the local level and across national borders. International cooperation can be a way of addressing the risks posed by hazardous substances and wastes. States and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) have engaged in technical collaboration and policy-making on these issues for more than a century. Today, a host of IGOs work on policy-making and management of hazardous substances and wastes, including the International Labor Organization, the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety, and the Global Environment Facility. Multilateral cooperation on hazardous substances and wastes takes place under three separate treaties: the 1989 Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, the 1998 Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, and the 2001 Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. A substantial amount of scholarly literature covers numerous issues associated with hazardous substances and wastes, such as multilateral and national waste controls, persistent organic pollutants, and regional environmental policy developments. The case of hazardous substances and wastes can be used to further investigate the characteristics of vertical and horizontal institutional linkages and linkage politics, as well as the diffusion of principles, norms, ideas, and regulatory approaches across multilateral forums and national societies.

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Post-Conflict Peace Building: The New Trends

International Journal of Legal Information ◽

10.1017/s0731126500010593 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 251-263

Author(s):

Ivan Šimonović

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

International Cooperation ◽

Information And Communication Technology ◽

Communication Technology ◽

Peace Building ◽

Security Architecture ◽

Berlin Wall ◽

Post Conflict ◽

Information And Communication ◽

The Cold War

The fall of the Berlin Wall has substantially changed the global security architecture. The end of the Cold War has opened a lot of new opportunities for international cooperation: Bi-polar world divisions have disappeared, state borders have become softer, and with the assistance of advanced information and communication technology, the process of globalization has been developing rapidly to an unprecedented level.

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Chemical safety data sheets: Vol. 4b toxic chemicals

Journal of Hazardous Materials ◽

10.1016/0304-3894(92)85115-h ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 121-122

Author(s):

GaryF. Bennett

Keyword(s):

Safety Data ◽

Toxic Chemicals ◽

Chemical Safety

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The International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) of UNEP

Environmental Conservation ◽

10.1017/s0376892900019597 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 59-63

Author(s):

Alexander I. Kucherenko ◽

Jan W. Huismans

Keyword(s):

Data Storage ◽

Data Bank ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Toxic Chemicals ◽

Global Network ◽

United Nations Environment Programme ◽

Chemical Safety ◽

Storage And Retrieval ◽

Chemical Hazard ◽

And Control

Until recently there has been no international register or international network linking national registers for the exchange of information on, and for, chemical hazard assessment and control. The International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (IRPTC) was established by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1976 and is now in full operation.The objectives assigned to the Register concern the establishment of a global network of contributing partners through which it can develop its data-bank containing relevant information for an assessment of environmental hazards caused by chemicals, and disseminate this information to decision-making bodies, national authorities, international organizations and other institutions, and to the scientific community that is concerned with the evaluation and control of chemicals in the environment.The IRPTC operations involve preparation of data profiles for chemicals, the development of a computerized data storage and retrieval system, a query–response service, and the publication of a 4-monthly Register Index, a periodical Bulletin, and other documents. These contain information on chemicals, international and national activities related to issues of chemical safety, and also legislative and regulatory measures for protection of the health of humans and of the environment from the noxious effects of chemicals.

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Acetaminophen: Neonatal hepatotoxicity due to late pregnancy exposure

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100127906 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 718-719

Author(s):

G.A. Miranda ◽

M.A. Arroyo ◽

C.A. Lucio ◽

M. Mongeotti ◽

S.S. Poolsawat

Keyword(s):

Low Dose ◽

Fetal Liver ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Toxic Chemicals ◽

Control Group ◽

High Dose ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Neonatal Liver ◽

Childbearing Women

Exposure to drugs and toxic chemicals, during late pregnancy, is a common occurrence in childbearing women. Some studies have reported that more than 90% of pregnant women use at least 1 prescription; of this, 60% used more than one. Another study indicated that 80% of the consumed drugs were not prescribed, and of this figure, 95% were “over-the-counter” drugs. Acetaminophen, the safest of all over-the-counter drugs, has been reported to induce fetal liver necrosis in man and animals and to have abortifacient and embryocidal action in mice. This study examines the degree to which acetaminophen affects the neonatal liver and kidney, when a fatty diet is simultaneously fed to the mother during late pregnancy.Timed Swiss Webster female mice were gavaged during late pregnancy (days 16-19) with fat suspended acetaminophen at a high dose, HD = 84.50 mg/kg, and a low dose, LD = 42.25 mg/kg; a control group received fat alone.

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