Multi-Site Energy Use Management in the Absence of Smart Grids

2018 ◽  
pp. 375-402
Author(s):  
Zeynep Bektas ◽  
Gülgün Kayakutlu ◽  
M. Özgür Kayalica
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Site Energy

scholarly journals Energy and Greenhouse Gas Savings for LEED-Certified U.S. Office Buildings

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 749
Author(s):  
John H. Scofield ◽  
Susannah Brodnitz ◽  
Jakob Cornell ◽  
Tian Liang ◽  
Thomas Scofield
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Site Energy ◽  
New Construction

In this work, we present results from the largest study of measured, whole-building energy performance for commercial LEED-certified buildings, using 2016 energy use data that were obtained for 4417 commercial office buildings (114 million m2) from municipal energy benchmarking disclosures for 10 major U.S. cities. The properties included 551 buildings (31 million m2) that we identified as LEED-certified. Annual energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission were compared between LEED and non-LEED offices on a city-by-city basis and in aggregate. In aggregate, LEED offices demonstrated 11% site energy savings but only 7% savings in source energy and GHG emission. LEED offices saved 26% in non-electric energy but demonstrated no significant savings in electric energy. LEED savings in GHG and source energy increased to 10% when compared with newer, non-LEED offices. We also compared the measured energy savings for individual buildings with their projected savings, as determined by LEED points awarded for energy optimization. This analysis uncovered minimal correlation, i.e., an R2 < 1% for New Construction (NC) and Core and Shell (CS), and 8% for Existing Euildings (EB). The total measured site energy savings for LEED-NC and LEED-CS was 11% lower than projected while the total measured source energy savings for LEED-EB was 81% lower than projected. Only LEED offices certified at the gold level demonstrated statistically significant savings in source energy and greenhouse gas emissions as compared with non-LEED offices.

scholarly journals Privacy Concerns as a Barrier to Sharing Data About Energy Use: A Rapid Realist Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Vigurs ◽  
Chris Maidment ◽  
Michael Fell ◽  
David Shipworth
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Realist Review ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Privacy Concern ◽  
Framework Analysis ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Rapid Realist Review

Abstract. The purpose of this review is to investigate the nature of privacy concerns in the context of Smart Local Energy Systems (SLES) to understand how SLES providers can minimize both users&rsquo; concern, and cause for concern, around privacy. We conducted a rapid realist review and thematic framework analysis against Bronfrenbrenner&rsquo;s socio-ecological model to understand privacy concerns in different contexts. A common privacy concern was that sharing detailed energy use data had the potential to reveal information about home life, and to intrude upon people&rsquo;s sense of autonomy, choice and control. Evidence suggests that people are willing to accept newdata sharing technologies if the benefits of doing so are clear, anticipated, and mutually beneficial. Building trust, through increasing knowledge and understanding was a mechanism for overcoming privacy concerns, but this was mediated by the organization providing the information. Non-profit organizations were more trusted to ensure appropriate safeguards to privacy were in place. One key barrier to participation with good supporting evidence was that people can resist perceived intrusions on their privacy. This could be actively resisted by refusing to install data collection technologies or passively by non-participation in adapting energy use behaviors: both of which are necessary for SLES to achieve their goals of managing energy demand and building resilience in smart grids.

Establishing Standard Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Deru
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Energy Information Administration ◽  
Site Energy ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Lci Data

Energy use in buildings is most commonly analyzed by using the energy measured at the site. Some analysts also calculate the source energy and emissions from the site energy. Source energy use and emission profiles offer better indicators of the environmental impact of buildings and allow other metrics for comparison of performance. However, there are no standard factors for calculating the source energy and emissions from the site energy. The energy and emission factors used are derived from different data using different methods resulting in wide variations, which makes comparisons difficult. In addition, these factors do not include the full life cycle of the fuels and energies, but only the combustion and transmission portions of the life cycle. The recently available U.S. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Database provides LCI data for energy, transportation, and common materials. The LCI data for fuels include all the energy and emissions associated with the extraction, transportation, and processing of the fuels. This paper describes how the LCI data, along with other emissions data and energy consumption data from the Energy Information Administration, were used to generate source energy and emission factors specifically for energy use in buildings. The factors are provided on national, interconnect, and state levels. This effort was part of the U.S. Department of Energy Performance Metrics Project, which worked to establish standard procedures and performance metrics for energy performance of buildings.

Real-time smart meters network for energy management

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Del Prete ◽  
Daniele Gallo ◽  
Carmine Landi ◽  
Mario Luiso
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Authentication Code ◽  
Customer Data ◽  
The Web

In this paper, an architecture of a low-cost ARM-based Smart Metering network is presented. The system is designed to be suitable for Smart Grids applications aimed to a more efficient energy use according to the article 13 of Directive 2006/32/EC. The network is composed by several slave smart meters that continuously monitor loads and energy generators to make available information in real-time such as power and energy consumption/generation and several power quality parameters communicating them via CAN bus to specific master device called data aggregator. This device, integrating the information coming from field devices (energy demands of loads, the current energy production and co-generator status), with information obtained through the web access (a prevision on the expected availability of energy produced by renewable sources, current and future energy price, customer remote setting), can take decisions to implement a suitable energy management aimed to cost saving or whatever else strategy chosen by customer. Data aggregator also allows checking current consumption locally, thanks to a display, and remotely, using the web browser access. To prevent external attacks a low computational burden protection software based on Message Authentication Code (MAC) has been implemented. Finally, characterization test of realized apparatus have shown good performance both in terms of communication delays and measurement uncertainty.

scholarly journals Customer Privacy Concerns as a Barrier to Sharing Data about Energy Use in Smart Local Energy Systems: A Rapid Realist Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1285
Author(s):  
Carol Vigurs ◽  
Chris Maidment ◽  
Michael Fell ◽  
David Shipworth
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Realist Review ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
Privacy Concern ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Rapid Realist Review

The purpose of this review is to investigate the nature of privacy concerns in the context of smart local energy systems (SLES) to understand how SLES providers can minimize both user concerns, and cause for concern, around privacy. We conducted a rapid realist review and thematic framework analysis against Bronfenbrenner’s socio–ecological model to understand privacy concerns in different contexts. A common privacy concern was that sharing detailed energy use data had the potential to reveal information about home life, and to intrude upon people’s sense of autonomy, choice, and control. Evidence suggests that people are willing to accept new data sharing technologies if the benefits of doing so are clear, anticipated, and mutually beneficial. Building trust, through increasing knowledge and understanding, was a mechanism for overcoming privacy concerns, but this was mediated by the organization providing the information. Non-profit organizations were more trusted to ensure appropriate safeguards to privacy were in place. One key barrier to participation with good supporting evidence was that people could resist perceived intrusions on their privacy. This could be actively resisted by refusing to install data collection technologies or passively by non-participation in adapting energy use behaviours: both of which are necessary for SLES to achieve their goals of managing energy demand and building resilience in smart grids.

Home Load-Side Management in Smart Grids Using Global Optimization

2019 ◽  
pp. 127-161
Author(s):  
Abdelmadjid Recioui
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Demand Side Management ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Increasing Demand

Demand-side management (DSM) is a strategy enabling the power supplying companies to effectively manage the increasing demand for electricity and the quality of the supplied power. The main objectives of DSM programs are to improve the financial performance and customer relations. The idea is to encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time of energy use to off-peak times. The DSM controls the match between the demand and supply of electricity. Another objective of DSM is to maintain the power quality in order to level the load curves. In this chapter, a genetic algorithm is used in conjunction with demand-side management techniques to find the optimal scheduling of energy consumption inside N buildings in a neighborhood. The issue is formulated as multi-objective optimization problem aiming at reducing the peak load as well as minimizing the energy cost. The simulations reveal that the adopted strategy is able to plan the daily energy consumptions of a great number of electrical devices with good performance in terms of computational cost.

Home Load-Side Management in Smart Grids Using Global Optimization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1017-1052
Author(s):  
Abdelmadjid Recioui
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Demand Side Management ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Increasing Demand

Demand-side management (DSM) is a strategy enabling the power supplying companies to effectively manage the increasing demand for electricity and the quality of the supplied power. The main objectives of DSM programs are to improve the financial performance and customer relations. The idea is to encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak hours, or to move the time of energy use to off-peak times. The DSM controls the match between the demand and supply of electricity. Another objective of DSM is to maintain the power quality in order to level the load curves. In this chapter, a genetic algorithm is used in conjunction with demand-side management techniques to find the optimal scheduling of energy consumption inside N buildings in a neighborhood. The issue is formulated as multi-objective optimization problem aiming at reducing the peak load as well as minimizing the energy cost. The simulations reveal that the adopted strategy is able to plan the daily energy consumptions of a great number of electrical devices with good performance in terms of computational cost.

scholarly journals Going Beyond Code: Monitoring Disaggregated Energy and Modeling Detached Houses in Hawai‘i

Buildings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Meguro ◽  
Eileen Peppard ◽  
Stephen Meder ◽  
James Maskrey ◽  
Riley Josephson
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Photovoltaic Array ◽  
Site Energy ◽  
Optimized Model ◽  
Parametric Analyses

Hawai‘i was the first state to establish a statewide 100% renewable energy goal to be met by 2045. To address the potential impact of new residential construction, a team conducted field studies and developed whole-building energy models of detached houses in Hawai‘i. The goal was to inform the state, a major developer, and the Hawai‘i design community on how current residential design could be modified to meet the newly adopted energy codes and renewable energy goals. Seven houses with air-conditioning were monitored for disaggregated energy use, temperature, and humidity for one year. The building simulation software BEoptTM v.2.8 was used to conduct parametric analyses and cost/energy optimizations to evaluate design options. The energy-optimized model for this hot-humid climate included the following: increasing the efficiency of the air-conditioning system; utilizing ceiling fans with occupancy sensors while increasing the thermostat set-point; a light-colored exterior finish and roof; a radiant barrier; longer eaves; and Energy Star appliances. The energy-optimized model reduced the annual site energy by approximately 47.1% compared to the model that minimally complied with the International Energy Conservation Code 2015. A 4.5-kW grid-tied photovoltaic array would achieve a net-zero annual site energy value.

scholarly journals Simulation-Supported Testing of Smart Energy Product Prototypes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 2030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alonzo Sierra ◽  
Cihan Gercek ◽  
Stefan Übermasser ◽  
Angèle Reinders
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grids ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
End User ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Energy Product ◽  
Specific Category ◽  
Home Energy Management ◽  
Energy Products ◽  
Efficient Energy Use

Smart energy products and services (SEPS) have a key role in the development of smart grids, and testing methods such as co-simulation and scenario-based simulations can be useful tools for evaluating the potential of new SEPS concepts during their early development stages. Three innovative conceptual designs for home energy management products (HEMPs)—a specific category of SEPS—were successfully tested using a simulation environment, validating their operation using simulated production and load profiles. For comparison with reality, end user tests were carried out on two of the HEMP concepts and showed mixed results for achieving more efficient energy use, with one of the concepts reducing energy consumption by 27% and the other increasing it by 25%. The scenario-based simulations provided additional insights on the performance of these products, matching some of the general trends observed during end user tests but failing to sufficiently approximate the observed results. Overall, the presented testing methods successfully evaluated the performance of HEMPs under various use conditions and identified bottlenecks, which could be improved in future designs. It is recommended that in addition to HEMPs, these tests are repeated with different SEPS and energy systems to enhance the robustness of the methods.

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