The Transmission of Vaiṣṇavism Across the Bay of Bengal: Trade Networks and State Formation in Early Historic Southeast Asia

2019 ◽  
pp. 51-68
Author(s):  
Pierre-Yves Manguin
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Early Historic

Buddhist Monuments Across the Bay of Bengal: Cultural Routes and Maritime Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-180
Author(s):  
Himanshu Prabha Ray
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
North India ◽  
World Heritage Sites ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Textual Production ◽  
Religious Architecture ◽  
Central Java ◽  
South And Southeast Asia

AbstractReligious architecture, often called ‘monuments’ within the current understanding of ancient shrines, are prominent features of the landscape in South and Southeast Asia. Many of these sites are admired for their artistic and aesthetic appeal and are centres of tourism and travel. This paper traces the historical trajectory of three contemporary monuments of Buddhist affiliation across the Bay of Bengal, namely Nalanda in north India, Borobudur in Central Java, and Nakhon Pathom in Central Thailand to address both their distinctiveness and their interconnectedness. The paper also focuses on the extent to which these shrines reflect the religious theories that prevailed between the sixth and the thirteenth centuries AD and are currently known to us through religious texts. It is not often appreciated that ‘collections’ of religious texts, as well as the ‘discovery’ of monuments were mediated through the priorities and practices of European and Western scholars from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The history of the study of Buddhism shows that it centred on religious texts and philosophical doctrines produced by a small group of monastic elites, with little attention paid to the more difficult questions of the contexts underlying textual production and circulation. This paper suggests that it is important to factor in the colonization of South and Southeast Asia into any discussion on the understanding of religions and monuments, as well as current interest in these monuments, which are also World Heritage Sites and associated with present interests in maritime heritage.

scholarly journals Long-Distance Obsidian Trade in Indonesia

1996 ◽  
Vol 462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Tykot ◽  
Stephen Chia
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Southwest Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade Route

ABSTRACTLong-distance trade in obsidian from sources in the southwest Pacific has been well-documented for the Lapita culture complex, beginning about 1600 BC. Analyses of obsidian artifacts from recent excavations at Bukit Tengkorak in southeastern Sabah (Borneo, Malaysia) indicate the use of obsidian from multiple sources in Melanesia as early as the 5th millennium BC. The archaeological presence of obsidian, up to more than 3500 km from its source, is the surviving evidence of what was almost certainly the longest Neolithic trade route in the world. In addition, these results indicate that long-distance trade networks existed in Indonesia at least 2500 years prior to the Lapita culture, and strengthen hypotheses of its origins in southeast Asia.

scholarly journals The Volatile State in Southeast Asia: Evidence from Sumatra, 1600–1800

2003 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 497-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freek Colombijn
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
State Formation ◽  
State Power ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
The State ◽  
Central State ◽  
Seminal Work ◽  
Clifford Geertz ◽  
State Capital

The communis opinio of historians is that early modern, or precolonial, states in Southeast Asia tended to lead precarious existences. The states were volatile in the sense that the size of individual states changed quickly, a ruler forced by circumstances moved his state capital, the death of a ruler was followed by a dynastic struggle, or a local subordinate head either ignored or took over the central state power; in short, states went through short cycles of rise and decline. Perhaps nobody has helped establish this opinion more than Clifford Geertz (1980) with his powerful metaphor of the “theatre state.” Many scholars have preceded and followed him in their assessment of the shakiness of the state (see, for example, Andaya 1992, 419; Bentley 1986, 292; Bronson 1977, 51; Hagesteijn 1986, 106; Milner 1982, 7; Nagtegaal 1996, 35, 51; Reid 1993, 202; Ricklefs 1991, 17; Schulte Nordholt 1996, 143–48). The instability itself was an enduring phenomenon. Most polities existed in a state of flux, oscillating between integration and disintegration, a phenomenon which was first analyzed for mainland Southeast Asia by Edmund Leach (1954) in his seminal work on the Kachin chiefdoms. This alternation of state formation and the breaking up of kingdoms has been called the “ebb and flow of power” and the “rhythm” of Malay history (Andaya and Andaya 1982, 35). In this article, I will probe into the causes of the volatility of the Southeast Asian states, using material from Sumatra to make my case.

V. State Formation and Transformation in Early Modern India and Southeast Asia

Itinerario ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Subrahmanyam
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
State Formation ◽  
The State ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
The One

Orthodox viewpoints on the formation and transformation of states in early modern (or late pre-colonial) South and Southeast Asia fall broadly into two strands. On the one hand, there are those who see the state as ephemeral, and essentially divorced from society in general.

City and State Formation in Early Historic South Asia

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Allchin
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Early Historic

State formation and the evolution of naval strategies in the Melaka Straits, c. 500–1500 CE

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Heng
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
State Formation ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Maritime Policy ◽  
China And India ◽  
Naval Power ◽  
Textual Records ◽  
The Way

The Strait of Melaka and connected waterways have been critical to, and directly affected, the formation of littoral states, societies and economies in eastern Sumatra, the Riau Islands, the Malay Peninsula, and Singapore. The history and nature of statehood in the region is interrelated to the way in which naval capabilities evolved, but, as argued in this article, perhaps not in the straightforward fashion often assumed. Naval capabilities and strategies evolved in tandem with state policy to adapt to changes in the wider Asian maritime political economy which was dominated at various times by China and India. This article examines the factors that affected maritime policy in the Melaka Straits c. 500 to 1500 CE, and the extent to which these furthered the viability of the mainly Malay port-polities, and in particular the regional hegemonic state of Srivijaya in eastern Sumatra. The study utilises textual records, epigraphic materials, and literature to reconstruct a more nuanced picture of maritime states and naval power in premodern Southeast Asia.

scholarly journals State formation on China’s southern frontier: Vietnam as a shadow empire and hegemon

HumaNetten ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Tuong Vu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Dyadic Interactions ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Communist State ◽  
Vietnamese History ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia

State formation in Vietnam followed an imperial pattern, namely, a process of conquests and annexations typical of an empire. At its peak in the early nineteenth century, the frontier of the Vietnamese empire encompassed much of today’s Cambodia and Laos. This imperial pattern was the basis on which the French built their Indochinese colony and the Vietnamese communist state built its modern hegemony. By re-examining Vietnamese history as that of an empire and hegemon, this paper challenges the nationalist historiography’s assumption about Vietnam’s need for survival from China as the driving force of Vietnamese history. In contrast, I argue that the threat to Vietnamese survival has come less from China than from other states on China’s southern frontier. Vietnam has in fact benefited from a positive synergy with China in much of its premodern and modern history. By situating Vietnamese state formation in the context of mainland Southeast Asia, I hope to correct the tendency in many studies that focus exclusively on Sino-Vietnamese dyadic interactions and that posit the two as opposites. Treating Vietnam as an empire or hegemon over a large area of mainland Southeast Asia also is essential to understand why Vietnamese sometimes did not automatically accept Chinese superiority despite the obvious “asymmetry” between them.

On Soviet Ethnography and State Formation in Southeast Asia

1977 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 342-343
Author(s):  
Robert L. Winzeler
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
State Formation
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