The Development of Major Seaports in the Context of National Maritime Policy. The Case Study of Poland

State authorities may influence the development of seaports by employing the tools of national maritime policy. On the one hand, seaports contribute to the socioeconomic development of coastal regions; on the other, they have a significant impact on foreign trade turnover. The aim of this study is to identify the major factors that have influenced the development of Poland’s seaports in the context of the country’s maritime policy. The paper examines and explains the development and transitions of major Polish seaports such as Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Swinoujcie. In order to identify the state of the port economy the authors used public statistics and data analysis. Furthermore, they created a model of comanagement of major seaports and presented a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the development of major seaports from 2005 to 2019. It was discovered that port turnover increased, but in various ways in each of the analysed ports. The government of Poland, acting in a dual role as the coordinator of national maritime policy and the majority owner of seaports, was the most powerful decision-maker in the port economy. However initiatives to implement sustainable principles in seaports have gradually emerged through bottom-up activities of port authorities supported by local and regional authorities.

An Analysis of Maritime Policies in Ghana.

An analysis of maritime transport policies in Ghana was conducted in this study. The objectives were to establish the existence or otherwise of maritime policy, the degree of its effectiveness and its impact on the maritime industry in particular and the nation as a whole, identify the challenges affecting the successful implementation of maritime policies in Ghana, and suggest measures for effective implementation of Ghana's maritime policies. The study was conducted in the port communities of Tema and Takoradi. It employed a descriptive research design and the instruments used were interviews and questionnaires. The study focused on maritime policies enacted since Ghana’s independence. The findings of the study indicate that although there is no single document as a maritime policy, there are forms of policies. These policies are described largely as ineffective having such impacts as loss of revenue to the state, pollution of the marine environment and a high cost of doing business through Ghana's ports. Some of the challenges impeding the successful realization of expected results from maritime policies in Ghana include inadequate training, insufficient resources and a low level educational background. Some of the measures for addressing these challenges include establishment of an intergrated maritime policy, education of merchants in maritime-related trade, provision of additional resources and training of personnel involved with functions guided by Ghana's maritime policies.

American Studies in Review

The American Civil War had a serious impact in Europe because the United States supplied vital raw materials for both Britain and France and was also a major market for their manufactured goods. The prospect of intervention in the war raised difficult issues—morally repugnant support of slavery on the one hand, but on the other, in the aftermath of the rebellions of 1848 in Europe, the possibility to weaken democratic republicanism. Mediation remained elusive. Britain, being the leading economic, naval, and colonial power, was the most threatening and most involved with both the Union and Confederate sides in the war. Britain’s diplomatic and maritime policy is the most extensively studied, augmented by fresh examinations of the British minister to the United States, Lord Lyons. New research also examines possible French involvement in the war and the complications arising from France’s invasion of Mexico.

Questioning Joko Widodo’s Global Maritime Fulcrum: Change and Overlap Policy

The Global Maritime Fulcrum is a strategy chosen by President Joko Widodo (Jokowi), declared in 2014, consisting of 7 pillars. This program has been running for three years since Presidential Regulation Number 16 of 2017 concerning the Indonesian Maritime Policy mainly focuses on domestic pillars such as the Sea Highway. This policy did not last long when President Jokowi entered his second term to focus on the vision of Indonesia Maju, which emphasized Indonesia's position as a developing country. Using Rumelt's right strategic approach and bad strategy and changes and continuity in foreign policy, the author tries to find the extent to which the implementation of Indonesian Marine policy can become Indonesia's central foreign policy? This research found, among other things: 1) Indonesian Marine Policy authorities overlap, even though there is no clear multi-sectoral scope of work between agencies. 2) The focus on domestic needs only makes the Indonesian Maritime Policy rely on the Sea Highway as the primary focus so that it is not oriented towards an outward-looking and long-term vision. 3) The lack of commitment of President Jokowi's administration in executing the points in the Presidential Regulation. The study concludes that President Jokowi completely changed Indonesia's Maritime Policy strategy in his second term.

The Blue Growth Challenge to Maritime Governance

In 2006 the European Union (EU) began a dramatic change in its conception and approach to maritime policy. By developing what was called Integrated Maritime Policy, there was an attempt to coordinate different sectorial policies and thus adding value, through synergies and economies of scale. At the same time, and as a result of scientific and technological advances, five strategic sectors with great growth potential were identified: aquaculture, renewable energies, blue biotechnology, deep sea mining, and nautical tourism. These were the pillars for the Blue Growth Strategy, leading to more jobs and global economic growth. This trend quickly spread to other continents, universalising the concept of blue growth. However, the growing competition for maritime space, due to new uses, led to the realisation that along with the need to ensure confidence and stability for investors, it would be imperative to develop new planning and management instruments for these spaces. During this process, governments quickly realised that this evolution, which had the potential for far reaching economic and social impacts, required a new institutional framework adapted to this new reality, which would end up having an impact on the governments structure itself. We have witnessed, particularly during the last decade, a profound conceptual change in the governance of maritime space. The design of new political, legal, institutional, and governmental frameworks, which are introducing a new model of maritime and marine governance at a global scale, are probably the most critical one since World War II. This article develops this analysis, based on several examples, both in the EU as well as in other countries outside the bloc, particularly those surrounding the Atlantic, in order to demonstrate that the drive towards a blue economy triggered a profound and deep change in marine policies and governance.

INSTITUTIONAL-COGNITIVE AND NONLINEAR SCIENTIFIC FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATIVE "SMART"-SPECIALIZATION OF THE MARITIME ECONOMIC COMPLEX

Topicality. In the twentieth century, there was an active discussion about the structure of the innovation process as a single period of scientific knowledge - from the promotion of ideas and hypotheses to the introduction of products to market. The beginning of the discussion of this issue was the work of S. Klein and N. Rosenberg "The positive sum strategy: Harnessing technology for economic grown". They described and criticized the classical linear model of innovation, based on the idea that the development of science is based on basic research, which then finds its continuation in applied research. Directive 2014/89 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the creation of a framework for the planning of maritime spaces states: "Maritime spatial planning is intended to organize the management of activities in marine and ocean areas and the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources . The European Parliament and the Council of the EU adopted the document on 23 July 2014. It officially entered into force on 18 September 2014. The Directive allows each EU country to plan its own maritime activities, but the planning process - nationally, regionally or locally - is compatible with EU law. implementation and minimum general requirements. Realization of the purpose of work causes the following tasks of research: to define the basic categories and concepts of "blue economy" and features of the economic mechanism of ecological regulation as preconditions of sustainable development; to develop ways to implement the integrated maritime policy of the European Union; to determine the impact of the approaches of the integrated maritime policy of the European Union on the institutional transformation of the maritime economic complex of Ukraine; to offer institutional-cognitive and nonlinear scientific principles of innovative "SMART" -specialization of the maritime complex; to propose approaches to the formation of institutional foundations for the implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning for Ukraine as a leading innovation in marine nature management. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this work is to analyze the institutional support of innovative practices in the management of greening of the maritime sector of Ukraine, based on the implementation of the environmental component of nonlinear approaches to SMART-specialization in the structure of Maritime Spatial Planning. Research results. After analyzing the current processes, the methodology of maritime spatial planning (MSP) focuses on reproducing a comprehensive picture of the spatial impact of the synergy of maritime sectors. In the future, the methodology focuses on updating the data over the medium term and taking into account possible future trends in the development of sectors of the maritime economy, including changes in the industrial structure and the growth of technological progress. MSP is focused not only on minimizing current stakeholder conflicts, but also on preventing such conflicts in the future. The development of a "maritime vision" or "desired scenario" should play a role in shaping the overall understanding of the future of maritime space, which should be supported by maritime spatial plans. On this basis, the development of a "vision" creates a common goal, agreed by all stakeholders, on what to strive for in the maritime spatial plan. MSP makes extensive use of methods based on marine data: analytical, quantitative, qualitative and spatial. In the initial stages of the MSP process, more creative, nonlinear creative techniques are used. In some cases, the vision development process itself has proved more important than the final vision document or action plan, serving as a mechanism for involving stakeholders in cooperation, as well as facilitating dialogue on a common future. The use of nonlinear approaches helps to focus MSP, as well as provide a basis for the purposes of SMART specialization of maritime space. Conclusion. The paper shows that the Itzkowitz-Leidesdorf model formalizes the dynamic shifts in the structure of interactions of the three sectors (triple helix) that occur as a result of innovation and complexity of socio-economic systems and is a convenient tool for analyzing the institutional organization and specifics of social interactions. which innovation ecosystems and the innovation economy as a whole. Thus, the genetic connection of "quadro", "quinto-helix" method and SMART specialization is substantiated in the work. . The paper proves that overcoming the uncertainty of management factors due to cognitive mechanisms of interaction within the quinto - helix is the leading mechanism of innovative management of greening of the economy and sea spatial flooding in particular.

The Black Sea Basin regionalism: guidelines of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine (international legal dimension)

The article analyzes and evaluates advantages, disadvantages and possibilities for implementation of the Black Sea Basin Regionalism in the Black Sea basin as a guiding position of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine. The subject of the study is the analysis and evaluation of advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of implementation of the Black Sea Basin Regionalism in the Black Sea basin as a guiding position of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine. The Black Sea Basin Regionalism is defined as the interaction of states aimed at settling relations arising in the field of maritime activities in the Black Sea basin, in order to solve common problems of rational use of its natural resources. It is suggested to understand the Black Sea Basin Regionalism as a guiding principle of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine, which (given its international legal dimension) can be implemented for building Ukrainian maritime policy in the Black Sea basin and support its effective implementation. The international legal basis of Black Sea Basin Regionalism is defined as bilateral and multilateral international agreements, where both Circum-Pontic states and not Circum-Pontic states are or can be parties and are concluded on the basis of and within the framework of universal international conventions of a global nature, in order to implement the latter, taking into account the conditions of the Black Sea basin as a “special area” of the sea. Activation of maritime activities of states in the Black Sea basin necessitates further improvement of legal regulation of relations that arise and the effectiveness (rationality) of its implementation on the global (international legal dimension), regional (European integration dimension) and national (regional and interregional dimension within Ukraine) levels.

Contribution of an Integrated Maritime Policy to the Dialogue of Civilisations: The Asia-Pacific Case

Sustainable development of marine resources requires a robust national coastal and ocean policy and harmonization of environmental management systems in areas of overlapping interests among nations. This is becoming increasingly important in the efforts of governments worldwide. Critical issues related to the exploitation of natural resources and the degradation of marine ecosystems, coupled with global crosscutting environmental issues such as climate change and climate-related hazards, require forging cross-border cooperation and international consensus on ensuring ecosystem-based approach principles in marine management and maritime domain awareness and security as reflected in the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals. Increasing the scale of marine planning processes entails increased cooperation on humankind’s shared endowment of global oceans and interconnected marine systems. As a result, interactions across the world are multiplying, which intensifies the dialogue of civilisations. The following exploration of a roadmap for developing an Integrated Marine/Maritime Policy in the Asia-Pacific region reveals enhanced opportunities for maintaining environmental integrity and sustainability in transboundary areas while considering local, regional, and global socio-economic and environmental challenges. This is a science-policy analysis of the marine-related practices of the region under consideration. The key here is to improve environmental safety and strengthen global security because of coherent actions jointly adopted in a setting of mutual respect and unity by a shared purpose to create reliable foundations for sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region.