Linaria vulgaris

2007 ◽  
pp. 322-322
Author(s):  
Marina Bährle-Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Linaria Vulgaris

Adaptive Development of Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris) Chemical Control Recommendations

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-283
Author(s):  
Travis L. Almquist ◽  
Katie L. Wirt ◽  
Jason W. Adams ◽  
Rodney G. Lym
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Yellow Toadflax ◽  
Nontarget Species ◽  
Adaptive Development

AbstractYellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris P. Mill.) infestations in North Dakota increased 300-fold from 1997 to 2011, when the plant was added to the state noxious weed list. Long-term control of other invasive species had included biological control agents, but no effective agents for yellow toadflax had been identified, so a control program using herbicides was needed. The objective was to shift from short-term control with picloram applied in the fall at maximum allowed rates to long-term management with minimal nontarget species impact with an adaptive management approach. Yellow toadflax control was increased from an average of 64% with picloram at 1,120 g ha−1 alone 12 mo after treatment (MAT) to over 90% when applied with diflufenzopyr while the picloram rate was reduced 50%. Yellow toadflax control with aminocyclopyrachlor applied at 140 g ha−1 ranged from 91 to 49% 12 MAT when applied in June or September, respectively. In contrast, yellow toadflax control with picloram plus dicamba plus diflufenzopyr averaged > 90% regardless of application date during the growing season. Land managers now have at least two options for long-term yellow toadflax control with a wide window of application timing. The goal of replacing a single high-use–rate herbicide treatment was met but both picloram and aminocyclopyrachlor can injure many desirable forbs. However, application timing can now be adjusted to have the least impact on nontarget species. The adaptive development program led to a 58% reduction in yellow toadflax infestations in North Dakota by 2014.

Quantifying Invasiveness of Plants: A Test Case with Yellow Toadflax (Linaria vulgaris)

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik A. Lehnhoff ◽  
Lisa J. Rew ◽  
Bruce D. Maxwell ◽  
Mark L. Taper
Keyword(s):  
Test Case ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Yellow Toadflax

SPREAD OF TOADFLAX IN SASKATCHEWAN

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Coupland ◽  
S. Zilke ◽  
G. W. Selleck
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Survey Sampling ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Precise Data ◽  
Perennial Weeds ◽  
Farm Survey ◽  
Line Transects

During 1949–57, surveys and resurveys were conducted throughout one-third of the settled area of Saskatchewan for the purpose of ascertaining the abundance of several species of introduced persistent perennial weeds and to evaluate their rates of increase. The methods used included an extensive farm-to-farm survey, sampling quarter-sections along transects in heavily infested areas, and resurveys of the same land at intervals. Detailed studies along line transects in various habitats were used during 1954–61 to obtain more precise data concerning increases and decreases in extent of infestations. These studies indicated that, within the area surveyed, 142,702 acres were infested with toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) in 4,993 quarter-sections. The increase in abundance of the weed was particularly great from 1949 to 1954, while after that date uncultivated infestations spread much less rapidly and cultivated ones were kept under fairly good control. The data indicate that the weed probably responds to weather conditions in such a way as to be favored relative to grasses by deficiency of soil moisture in the upper levels of the soil.

Allergy-preventive effects of linarinic acid and its tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1-b]quinazoline derivatives isolated from Linaria vulgaris

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 582-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Ma ◽  
Naoko Higashi ◽  
Kyoko Ishiguro ◽  
Ying Zhao ◽  
Linkui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Quinazoline Derivatives ◽  
Preventive Effects

scholarly journals VARIATION IN THE COROLLA OF LINARIA VULGARIS MILL

Science ◽  
1907 ◽  
Vol 25 (652) ◽  
pp. 1003-1004
Author(s):  
J. B. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Linaria Vulgaris

Notes on Insects, Especially Gymnaetron spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Associated with Toadflax, Liniaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), in North America

1959 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Morris Smith
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Control ◽  
North America ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Canadian Provinces

Linaria vulgaris Mill., known commonly as toadflax or butter-and-eggs, is worldwide in its distribution but is a serious weed only in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (Zilke and Coupland, 1954), where it is increasing in importance (Beck, 1954; Carder, 1956; Forbes, 1957). Smith (1956) correlated its relative insignificance as a weed in the other provinces and in the northwestern United States with the occurrence of the curculionid beetle Gylmnaetron antirrhini (Payk.). Investigations on this and other insects that feed on toadflax and an evaluation of their possible use as biological control agents are reported in this paper; also included are some observations on the weedand its natural enemies made since 1950 in all provinces west of Quebec and in the northwestern United States.

The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill.

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 525-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Saner ◽  
David R. Clements ◽  
Michael R. Hall ◽  
Douglas J. Doohan ◽  
Clifford W. Crompton
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Cultural Control ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production Growth ◽  
Flower Phenology ◽  
Root Buds

Yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), is a weed of rangelands and agricultural crops. Introduced from Eurasia into North America more than 300 yr ago, it is now naturalized in all provinces and territories up to 60° northern latitude and beyond 2000 m altitude. It became a concern in the middle of this century when it invaded the prairies. Its seriousness as a weed declined in the late 1950s, possibly as a result of biological control. Concern has been renewed recently because the adoption of minimum tillage techniques could lead to greater abundance. Reproduction is vigourous by means of adventitious root buds and by high seed production. Growth forms, vegetative reproduction, flower phenology, and germination are variable. The capability for regrowth from root parts makes L. vulgaris a difficult weed to eradicate and limits the efficacy of cultural control methods. The possibilities for chemical control are limited due to resistance to common herbicides. Biological control projects conducted during the past 50 yr have been partly successful and are on-going. Key words:Linaria vulgaris, toadflax, Scrophulariaceae, weed biology, control, review

EFFECTS OF BRACHYPTEROLUS PULICARIUS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) ON FLOWERING AND SEED PRODUCTION OF COMMON TOADFLAX

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.S. McClay
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Adult Feeding ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Total Seed

AbstractImpact of the flower- and shoot-tip-feeding beetle, Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.), on growth, flowering, and seed production of common toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (L.) Mill., was investigated using potted plants. Brachypterolus pulicarius had no effect on root or shoot biomass of attacked plants. Adult feeding by B. pulicarius delayed onset of flowering by 27 days relative to controls. Flowering of attacked plants was suppressed from mid-June until mid-July, but by mid-August flowering was similar to that of control plants. Total seed weight, individual seed weight, and percentage germination were all reduced significantly on attacked plants, resulting in a 74% reduction in number of viable seeds produced. Brachypterolus pulicarius is univoltine in Alberta, overwintering mainly as pupae.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION IN LINARIA VULGARIS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trilochan S. Bakshi ◽  
Robert T. Coupland
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Propagation ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Adventitious Buds ◽  
Open Type ◽  
Linaria Vulgaris

Vegetative propagation in Linaria vulgaris is obtained by the development of numerous adventitious buds on its roots. Each bud originates exogenously on the parent root, and it is always associated with a lateral root which arises in the pericycle opposite a protoxylem point. Buds capable of vegetative propagation are not found on either the hypocotyl or the stem. This appears to be correlated with the absence in roots of the typical open type of lenticels and of any significant accumulation of starch. Soil disturbance seems to have a deleterious effect on the production of buds on roots.

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