THE EFFECT OF PRE-PLANTING TREATMENT OF SEEDLINGS WITH BACTERIAL STRAINS ON THE VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION OF GARDEN STRAWBERRIES

In field experiments of the strawberry queen bee, it was found that pre-planting treatment of the root system of seedlings with bacterial biopreparation Phytop 8.67, at a concentration of 1×105 CFU/ml, as well as its tank mixture with humic preparation Phoenix, 0.05% gave the greatest efficiency – stimulation of vegetative reproduction of plants by 3.9-4.9 rosettes /plant (by 24-32 %) relative to control was observed. At the same time, it should be noted that the effect of the tank mixture Phytop 8.67, 1×105 CFU/ml + Phoenix, 0.05 % statistically significantly (P<0.05) exceeded all other options for stimulating vegetative reproduction of plants.

Reconstitution and Transmission of Gut Microbiomes and Their Genes between Generations

Microbiomes are transmitted between generations by a variety of different vertical and/or horizontal modes, including vegetative reproduction (vertical), via female germ cells (vertical), coprophagy and regurgitation (vertical and horizontal), physical contact starting at birth (vertical and horizontal), breast-feeding (vertical), and via the environment (horizontal). Analyses of vertical transmission can result in false negatives (failure to detect rare microbes) and false positives (strain variants). In humans, offspring receive most of their initial gut microbiota vertically from mothers during birth, via breast-feeding and close contact. Horizontal transmission is common in marine organisms and involves selectivity in determining which environmental microbes can colonize the organism’s microbiome. The following arguments are put forth concerning accurate microbial transmission: First, the transmission may be of functions, not necessarily of species; second, horizontal transmission may be as accurate as vertical transmission; third, detection techniques may fail to detect rare microbes; lastly, microbiomes develop and reach maturity with their hosts. In spite of the great variation in means of transmission discussed in this paper, microbiomes and their functions are transferred from one generation of holobionts to the next with fidelity. This provides a strong basis for each holobiont to be considered a unique biological entity and a level of selection in evolution, largely maintaining the uniqueness of the entity and conserving the species from one generation to the next.

Potential applications of some varieties of Hosta L. from collection of Laboratory of ornamental plants of Main Botanical Garden RAS on objects of urban landscape architecture

According to one of the modern trends, botanical gardens located within the city limits should be their structural part not only in the territorial, but also in the functional aspect. Therefore, the purpose of the work is a scientifically based selection of representatives of the genus Hosta L. from the collection of the laboratory of ornamental plants of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS) — cultivars that are promising for use in urban landscape compositions and the development of various variants of flower compositions. The object of research is a sample of representatives of the genus Hosta from the collection of the laboratory of ornamental plants of the MBG RAS, containing 23 names. The composition of the sample population is formed on the basis of taking into account four criteria: 1) stability in culture; 2) belonging of varieties to different garden groups; 3) sufficient prevalence of the variety; 4) high coefficient of vegetative reproduction. Statistical processing of experimental data was carried out in accordance with classical methods using the program «STATISTICA Base». The development of models of flower beds is based on the methods and techniques generally accepted in the design of landscape compositions using the AutoCAD program. In the course of the conducted research, the selection of promising representatives of the genus Hosta for urban gardening was carried out and eight variants of flower compositions were proposed (rockery, 2 groups and 5 mixborders). It was found that in all the representatives of the genus Hosta recommended for use, the influence of genetic features dominates in the structure of variability of the studied quantitative characteristics, which provides a high probability of preserving the planned structure of flower compositions during the operation of the landscape architecture object.

Experimental testing of density- and season-dependent growth in vegetative Fucus aquaculture and modelling of growth over one year for different cultivation scenarios

In the Kiel Fjord, western Baltic Sea, an experimental culture of Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus has been established in order to develop a sustainable method for biomass production of these species. The cultivation method includes the unattached rearing of fronds in drifting baskets and their vegetative reproduction by cutting of small vegetative apices. In this study, we performed culture experiments to measure growth rates with this method at different initial stocking densities (1–5 kg m−2) and during different seasons of the year. Using the results, we modelled growth over 1 year for different cultivation scenarios (different initial stocking densities (1–4.75 kg m−2) and harvest densities (1.25–5 kg m−2)) in order to identify optimal scenarios and estimate annual yields and the number of necessary harvests in these scenarios. Fucus vesiculosus showed a parabolic yield–density relationship with decreasing yields at high initial stocking densities (> 2.5 kg m−2). In contrast, F. serratus showed an asymptotic yield–density relationship with rather constant yields at high initial stocking densities. Both species showed a typical seasonal growth pattern with low growth rates during winter and high growth rates during summer; however, F. serratus seemed to be growth limited during summer which was not observed for F. vesiculosus. The modelling results reflected the results of the Density experiment: for F. vesiculosus, optimal cultivation scenarios were found for intermediate cultivation densities (initial stocking densities, 1.75–2.25 kg m−2; harvest densities, 3–4 kg m−2); for F. serratus, optimal cultivation scenarios included higher densities (initial stocking densities, 2.5–4 kg m−2; harvest density, 5 kg m−2). The model scenarios predicted maximal annual yields of 6.65–6.76 kg m−2 for F. vesiculosus and 6.88–6.99 kg m−2 for F. serratus. For both species, the number of harvests necessary to achieve these yields varied depending on the cultivation scenario from 2 to 6. Scenarios with only 1 harvest per year yielded slightly lower annual yields. We conclude that the modelling results offer a valid and helpful orientation for future efforts to produce Fucus species in commercial culture.

QUALITY INDICATORS OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF LEYMUS CHINENSIS (TRIN.) TZVEL. EASTERN TRANSBAIKALIA

The biochemical and mineral composition, nutritional and energy value of Leymus chinensis in the steppe zone of Eastern Transbaikalia, growing in different soil and ecological conditions, due to the lack of data on these indicators, has been studied. For the first time, the content in dry matter of Leymus chinensis crude protein, sugars, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen-free extractive substances, feed units and metabolic energy and its mineral composition was studied. The dependence of the accumulation of nutrients on soil-ecological conditions, the duration of the growing season and the phase of plant development, the adaptive adaptation of this species to prolonged aridization, which causes its vegetative reproduction due to a decrease in generative reproduction, has been established. The protein ratio as an indicator of feed digestibility is characterized as broad (1 : 9.9–15). The amount of digestible nutrients varied in a very narrow range (592.5–602.2), as well as the energy content (10937.6–11116.6 kJ) and metabolizable energy in the food (9187.6–9337.9 kJ), which is associated with a short vegetation period of L. chinensis development in the sharply continental climate of the steppe zone of Eastern Transbaikalia. A specific feature of the mineral composition of this cereal was the high amount of S, as well as the K: Na ratio (7–38) at the norm of 3–5.

Reproduction of red-book introduced plants of arboretum (on the example of Eastern Transbaikalia)

The paper presents the results of seed and vegetative reproduction of woody and shrubby introduced plantsincluded in the List of Objects of the plant world listed in the Red Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The objects of thestudy are red-book woody and shrubby plants growing on the territory of the arboretum: Picea obovata var. coeruleaMalyschev; Euonymus maackii Rupr.; Corylus heterophylla Fisch. ex Trautv.; Armeniaca sibirica (L.) Lam. The aim of thestudy is to preserve the gene pool of red-book woody and shrubby plants-introduced by seed and vegetative reproduction;to study the timing of cuttings, the effect of various root formation stimulators on the rooting process. Special attentionis paid to the development of methods of vegetative reproduction with the use of various growth stimulators, taking intoaccount the weather conditions of the Trans-Baikal Territory on coniferous and deciduous species. The features and termsof harvesting cuttings are studied. As a result, a favorable period for the process of rooting of coniferous species wasnoted – the phenophase “bud swelling”. The greatest number of roots was formed in cuttings harvested with a “heel”, nottreated with root formation stimulators (“control”). The greatest rooting of green cuttings of shrub species was observed inexperiments with the use of “Kornevin”. Propagation of Armeniaca sibirica showed good results by seed method.

The Mitotic Index of Cajanus cajan from Kisar Island, in the Southwest of Maluku

The mitotic index of the roots of pigeon pea can be the basis for determining the growth of pigeon pea. The purpose of this research was to determine the time of root cell division, to observe the mitotic phases, and to determine the mitotic index of pigeon pea root cells. The preparation of the pigeon pea was carried out for 4 days to grow the roots. The roots were cut off at 08.00, 08.15, and 08.30 WIT (Eastern Indonesian Time). The roots were cut 0.5-1cm. Carnoy’s solution was used as the fixative solution using the Squash technique. The prepared roots were then observed using an Olympus cx-22 microscope and an OptiLab camera with a magnification of 100x40. The data were descriptively analyzed to describe the images of mitotic phases and the mitotic index presentation in the root cells of pigeon pea. The results of this research showed that the cell division of the pigeon pea roots began at 08.00 WIT, which was marked by the presence of a lot of prophase. The next phases that appeared were prometaphase, metaphase, and anaphase which occurred from 08.15 to 08.30 with different numbers. The highest mitotic index occurred at 08.15, when most of the root cells underwent metaphase. This study succeeded in revealing that the optimum time for pigeon pea root cell division is 08.15 WIT. In the future, this research can help pigeon pea farmers in Southwest of Maluku to carry out vegetative reproduction which is closely related to this mitotic study.

Study of biomorphological features of Tall Bearded group of the Iris x hybrida hort. cultivars in the conditions of the Middle Volga region

The article presents the results of the introduction study of Tall Bearded group of the Iris x hybrida hort. cultivars collection of Cheboksary branch of the MBG RAS for the purpose of determining the most promising for complex of biological features and adaptive capabilities during introduction in the soil and climatic conditions of the Middle Volga region. The potential possibilities of cultivars as an object for landscaping has been investigated. The determination of decorative qualities made it possible to divide the cultivars of iris into groups by color and size of the flower, to establish the number of flowers in an inflorescence, the height of the peduncle, the length of the leaf. As a result of the study of economic and biological characteristics, cultivars with a high, medium, low coefficient of vegetative reproduction, high, medium, low winter hardiness, moderately resistant very and moderately susceptible to heterosporous were identified. The study of the rhythm of seasonal development made it possible to determine the timing and duration of flowering of the studied cultivars of Iris x hybrida hort. in the conditions of the region. The main directions of further work with the collection are outlined.