Edible Mycorrhizal Fungi: Identification, Life Cycle and Morphogenesis

Mycorrhizal interactions of orchids are influenced by several environmental conditions. Hence, knowledge of mycorrhizal fungi associated with orchids inhabiting different ecosystems is essential to designing recovery strategies for threatened species. This study analyzes the mycorrhizal associations of terrestrial orchids colonizing grassland and understory in native ecosystems of the region of La Araucanía in southern Chile. Mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from peloton-containing roots and identified based on the sequence of the ITS region. Their capacities for seed germination were also investigated. We detected Tulasnella spp. and Ceratobasidium spp. in the pelotons of the analyzed orchids. Additionally, we showed that some Ceratobasidium isolates effectively induce seed germination to differing degrees, unlike Tulasnella spp., which, in most cases, fail to achieve protocorm growth. This process may underline a critical step in the life cycle of Tulasnella-associated orchids, whereas the Ceratobasidium-associated orchids were less specific for fungi and were effectively germinated with mycorrhizal fungi isolated from adult roots.

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CONSERVING A LIFE CYCLE - SIMULTANEOUS CRYOPRESERVATION OF ORCHID SEEDS AND MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2014.1039.28 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 219-226

Author(s):

K.D. Sommerville ◽

C.A. Offord

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi

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Co-entrapment of Trichoderma harzianum and Glomus sp. within alginate beads: impact on the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi life cycle

Journal of Applied Microbiology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05035.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 111 (1) ◽

pp. 125-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

N. De Jaeger ◽

I.E. de la Providencia ◽

H. Rouhier ◽

S. Declerck

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Trichoderma Harzianum ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Alginate Beads ◽

Glomus Sp

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Recombinant haplotypes reflect sexual reproduction in symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

10.1101/2021.03.05.434083 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ivan D. Mateus ◽

Ben Auxier ◽

Mam M. S. Ndiaye ◽

Joaquim Cruz ◽

Soon-Jae Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Mating Type ◽

Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽

Orthologous Gene ◽

Sexual Life ◽

Type Locus ◽

Mat Locus ◽

Sexual Life Cycle

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are part of the most widespread fungal-plant symbiosis. They colonize at least 80% of plant species, promote plant growth and plant diversity. These fungi are multinucleated and display either one or two nucleus genotypes (monokaryon and dikaryon) determined by a putative mating-type locus. This taxon has been considered as an ancient asexual scandal because of the lack of observable sexual structures. Despite the identification of a putative mating-type (MAT-type) locus and the functional activation of genes related to mating when two isolates co-exist, it is still unknown if AMF display a sexual or a parasexual life cycle.To test if AMF genomes display signatures of a sexual life-cycle involving the putative MAT-locus, we used publicly available genome sequences to test if recombining nucleotype-specific haplotypes could be identified using short-read Illumina sequences. We identified nucleus genotype-specific haplotypes within dikaryons and compared them to orthologous gene sequences from related monokaryon isolates displaying similar putative MAT-types. We show that haplotypes within a dikaryon isolate are more similar to homologue sequences of isolates having the same MAT-type than among them. We demonstrate that these genotype-specific haplotypes are recombinant, and are not consistently most similar to the monokaryon isolate sharing the same mating-type allele.These results are consistent with a sexual origin of the dikaryon rather than a parasexual origin and provides an important step to understand the life cycle of these globally important symbiotic fungi.

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Ultrastructural analysis of “Sensory” surface nerve endings and “putative” neurotransmitter sites in Schistosoma mansoni Miracidia

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100156791 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 962-963

Author(s):

Betty Ruth Jones ◽

Steve Chi-Tang Pan

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Schistosoma Mansoni ◽

Snail Host ◽

Complex Life Cycle ◽

Rational Approach ◽

Effective Control ◽

The Social ◽

Social And Economic Development ◽

Basic Biology

INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis has been described as “one of the most devastating diseases of mankind, second only to malaria in its deleterious effects on the social and economic development of populations in many warm areas of the world.” The disease is worldwide and is probably spreading faster and becoming more intense than the overall research efforts designed to provide the basis for countering it. Moreover, there are indications that the development of water resources and the demands for increasing cultivation and food in developing countries may prevent adequate control of the disease and thus the number of infections are increasing.Our knowledge of the basic biology of the parasites causing the disease is far from adequate. Such knowledge is essential if we are to develop a rational approach to the effective control of human schistosomiasis. The miracidium is the first infective stage in the complex life cycle of schistosomes. The future of the entire life cycle depends on the capacity and ability of this organism to locate and enter a suitable snail host for further development, Little is known about the nervous system of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and of other trematodes. Studies indicate that miracidia contain a well developed and complex nervous system that may aid the larvae in locating and entering a susceptible snail host (Wilson, 1970; Brooker, 1972; Chernin, 1974; Pan, 1980; Mehlhorn, 1988; and Jones, 1987-1988).

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A freeze-fracture-etched study of the physarum polycephalum plasma membrane during early formation of the macroplasmodial stage

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100147570 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 346-347

Author(s):

Randolph W. Taylor ◽

Henrie Treadwell

Keyword(s):

Plasma Membrane ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Filter Paper ◽

Physarum Polycephalum ◽

Freeze Fracture ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Wire Screen ◽

Wide Mouth ◽

Sterile Filter

The plasma membrane of the Slime Mold, Physarum polycephalum, process unique morphological distinctions at different stages of the life cycle. Investigations of the plasma membrane of P. polycephalum, particularly, the arrangements of the intramembranous particles has provided useful information concerning possible changes occurring in higher organisms. In this report Freeze-fracture-etched techniques were used to investigate 3 hours post-fusion of the macroplasmodia stage of the P. polycephalum plasma membrane.Microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum (M3C), axenically maintained, were collected in mid-expotential growth phase by centrifugation. Aliquots of microplasmodia were spread in 3 cm circles with a wide mouth pipette onto sterile filter paper which was supported on a wire screen contained in a petri dish. The cells were starved for 2 hrs at 24°C. After starvation, the cells were feed semidefined medium supplemented with hemin and incubated at 24°C. Three hours after incubation, samples were collected randomly from the petri plates, placed in plancettes and frozen with a propane-nitrogen jet freezer.

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