Prevalence of Klebsiella Pnuemonia and their In-Vitro Susceptibility Studies among Cattle Traders in Maiduguri Cattle Market, Borno State, Nigeria

This study was undertaken to assess the occurrence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and there in-vitro susceptibility among cattle traders, herdsmen and butchers in Maiduguri cattle market, Borno state, Nigeria. Two hundred and twelve sample (212) sputum samples were collected using wide mouth sterile universal container and transported immediately to Medical Micro-Biology laboratory department, Centre of Excellence, university of Maiduguri teaching hospital (U.M.T.H.) for Laboratory diagnosed. The Sputum samples were culture on MacConkey and Blood agar media and isolated then, identified using Biochemical test which include indole, citrate utilization and urease tests, but only 15 sputum samples were found infected or positive to Klebsiella pneumoniae. And their Antimicrobial susceptibility of the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate by disc diffusion method shows that Klebsiella pneumoniae are susceptible to these Antimicrobial Drugs: Pefloxacin (93.3%), Tarivid (100%), Sparfloxacin (80%), Ciprofloxacin (93.3%) and on the other hand Klebsiella pneumoniae are resistance to these Antimicobial drugs; Streptomycin (73.3%), Septrin (80%), Augumentin (73.3%), Gentamycin (66.7%), and Amoxacillin (60%). In conclusion, recommendation have been made on how to curtail the spread of infection caused by Klebsiella in the environment, homes, and between patients. Healthcare providers are advice to follow the specific infection-control precautions.

Diversity begets diversity through shared adaptive genetic variation: discovery of a cryptic wide-mouthed scale-eater

Adaptive radiations involve astounding bursts of phenotypic, ecological, and species diversity. However, the microevolutionary processes that underlie the origins of these bursts are still poorly understood. We report the discovery of a cryptic intermediate wide-mouth scale-eating ecomorph in a recent radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes which provides crucial information about the evolutionary and ecological transition from a widespread algae-eating generalist to a novel microendemic scale-eating specialist. We first show that this ecomorph occurs in sympatry with generalist C. variegatus and scale-eating specialist C. desquamator across several hypersaline lakes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas, but is genetically differentiated, morphologically distinct when reared in a common garden, and sometimes consumes scales. We then compared the timing of selective sweeps on shared and unique adaptive variants in both scale-eating species to characterize the evolutionary path to scale-eating. We predicted that adaptation to the intermediate wide-mouth scale-eating niche aided in the rapid divergence of the more specialized scale-eater C. desquamator. Therefore, selection for shared adaptive variants would occur first in wide-mouth. Contrary to our prediction, four of the six sets of shared adaptive alleles in both scale-eating species swept significantly earlier in C. desquamator. Adaptive introgression from the specialist into the wide-mouth ancestor may have resulted in parallel evolution of their dietary niche. Conversely, no adaptive alleles for scale-eating were reused in a third sympatric specialist C. brontotheriodes, despite sharing 9% of hard selective sweeps. Our work provides a microevolutionary framework for investigating how diversity begets diversity during adaptive radiation.

Comparative Assessment of Fecal Contamination in Piped-To-Plot Communal Source and Point-Of-Drinking Water

The aim of this study was to compare the water quality of piped-to-plot source water with point-of-drinking water in the households of a low-income urban area in Bangladesh. A total of 430 low-income households and 78 communal sources connected to these households were selected from the East Arichpur area of Dhaka. The water samples were collected from point-of-drinking vessels (household members’ preferred drinking vessels i.e., a mug, glass, or bottle) in households and from linked sources at six-week intervals between September 2014 and December 2015. Water samples were processed using standard membrane filtration and culture methods to quantify E. coli. Analysis of paired data from source and point-of-drinking water collected on the same day showed that fecal contamination increased from source to point-of-drinking water in the households in 51% (626/1236) of samples. Comparison between bottles vs. other wide-mouth vessels (i.e., glasses, mugs, jugs) showed significantly lower odds (p = 0.000, OR = 0.58, (0.43–0.78)) of fecal contamination compared to other drinking vessels. The findings suggest that recontamination and post-treatment contamination at the point of drinking play a significant role in water contamination in households. Hygiene education efforts in the future should target the promotion of narrow-mouth drinking vessels to reduce contamination.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS BACTERIA IN SALIVA AND SPUTUM USING ZIEHL-NEELSEN, PAPANICOLAOU AND BLEACH MODIFIED PAPANICOLAOU INDUCED FLUORESCENT MICROSCOPY

Background: This research contrasted the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in saliva and sputum samples using Ziehl-Neelsen, Papanicolaou, and Bleach Modified Papanicolaou fluorescent microscopy. Methodology: Sputum and saliva samples were collected in a clean sterile, leak-proof, wide-mouth containers early in the morning. Each saliva and sputum sample was further divided into 3 groups, Group A: sputum stained by Ziehl-Neelsen staining method, Group B: sputum smears stained by Papanicolaou staining method, Group C: sputum smears stained by bleach modified Papanicolaou staining method. saliva and sputum infected by Papanicolaou and observed under a Fluorescent Microscope for tubercle bacilli.. Results: The results obtained from saliva stained smears showed 63.3% of cases positive in both BMP and Pap stained saliva samples and 46.6% of cases positive in ZN stained saliva samples. Further grading of the individual staining method was carried out. Scant bacilli; 20% in Pap and 10% in BMP, 1+; 30% in Pap and 33.3% in BMP, 2+;10% in Pap and 6% in BMP and 3+-3.3% in Pap and 13% in BMP. ZN stained saliva samples scant bacilli; 56.6%, 1+; 13%, 2+; 10% and 3+; nil. Sputum samples stained by BMP, Pap, and Zn showed 100% positive results (30/30). But the grading differed among individual staining techniques. Conclusion: In our study sputum samples showed 100% positivity in comparison to saliva samples with 63.33%. Though the results of the saliva sample were lower than that of the sputum samples, the BMP method used in our study is first of its kind to the best of our knowledge. It is a simpler, convenient, and economical method that can be used in routine diagnosis of TB.

Pitt-Hopkins Syndrome: Clinical and Molecular Findings of a 5-Year-Old Patient

Pitt Hopkins syndrome (PTHS) is a very rare condition and until now, approximately 500 patients were reported worldwide, of which not all are genetically confirmed. Usually, individuals with variants affecting exons 1 to 5 in the TCF4 gene associate mild intellectual disability (ID), between exons 5 to 8, moderate to severe ID and sometimes have some of the characteristics of PTHS, and variants starting from exon 9 to exon 20 associate a typical PTHS phenotype. In this report, we describe the clinical and molecular findings of a Caucasian boy diagnosed with PTHS. PTHS phenotype is described including craniofacial dysmorphism with brachycephaly, biparietal narrowing, wide nasal bridge, thin and linear lateral eyebrows, palpebral edema, full cheeks, short philtrum, wide mouth with prominent and everted lips, prominent Cupid’s bow, downturned corners of the mouth, microdontia and also the clinical management of the patient. The previously and the current diagnosis scores are described in this report and also the challenges and their benefits for an accurate and early diagnosis.

Coffin Siris Syndrome with Significant Autistic Features.

Coffin Siris Syndrome is a rare genetic dysmorphic disorder that was first described by Coffin and Siris in 1970. It is associated with mental retardation and distinctive coarse facial features including wide nose, wide mouth with thick everted upper and lower lips, thick eyebrows and lashes, hirsutism/hypertrichosis. Sparse scalp hair particularly in the temporal areas. Coffin Siris syndrome has been reported only once in Iraq. The first Iraq patient with Coffin Siris syndrome (Al Mosawi AJ,2006) was also the first patient in the Arab. The occurrence of significant autistic features in form of pervasive developmental disorder or autism has been very infrequently reported in association with Coffin Siris syndrome. This aim to report which is most probably the seventh case of Coffin Siris Syndrome associated with significant autistic features. The case is the second case of this syndrome in Iraq which is also the case number 170 in the world.

You “Cantu”: Multidisciplinary Collaboration Resulting in Successful Orthognathic Surgery

Cantú syndrome (CS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by a heterozygous pathogenic variant in the ABCC9 or KCNJ8 gene. The disorder is characterized by congenital generalized hypertrichosis, coarse acromegaloid facial features (broad nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, wide mouth, macroglossia), skeletal abnormalities (calvarial thickening, metaphyseal flares, coxa valga, scoliosis), tortuous vasculature (meningeal arteriovenous malformations), and cardiac abnormalities (patent ductus arteriosus, pericardial effusion). Despite the constellation of craniofacial features, there are currently no documented cases of a patient with CS having orthognathic surgery. The purpose of this report is to highlight the multidisciplinary collaboration, including establishment of a genetic diagnosis, cardiac management, and orthodontic therapy, in performing successful orthognathic surgery in a patient with CS.

Leucas sahyadriensis (Lamiaceae: Lamioideae) an overlooked new endemic species from India and notes on Leucas chinensis

Wight’s specimen from Peninsular India which Bentham considered as Leucas chinensis is different from Retzius specimen from China. A lectotype for this name is selected from specimens collected by Bladh for Retzius in China. In contrast, Wight’s specimen represents a new species endemic to southern Western Ghats, having long branches, broadly ovate leaves, funnel shaped calyx with a wide mouth and stellately spreading, broadly triangular teeth and the corolla 16–17 mm long. The new species is named Leucas sahyadriensis. Detailed description, illustration, photographs, distribution maps and a table showing its differences from allied species are provided.