Phosphodiesterases in the Central Nervous System: Implications in Mood and Cognitive Disorders

2011 ◽  
pp. 447-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Xu ◽  
Han-Ting Zhang ◽  
James M. O’Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Hypothyroidism and Cognitive Disorders during Development and Adulthood: Implications in the Central Nervous System

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 2952-2963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Salazar ◽  
Pedro Cisternas ◽  
Milka Martinez ◽  
Nibaldo C. Inestrosa
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

CLINICAL PARALLELS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN PATIENTS WITH HIV

2020 ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
K. Yu. Lytvyn ◽  
L. R. Shostakovych-Koretska ◽  
Z. O. Chykarenko ◽  
O. A. Kushnierova ◽  
I. V. Budaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

A retrospective analysis of medical records of 451 patients with HIV infection showed that the most common clinical manifestations of cerebral tuberculosis are as follows: headache, fever ≥ 38.0 °C, meningeal symptoms; in toxoplasmosis encephalitis these are headache, paresis of cranial nerves and extremities, incoordination, cognitive disorders, dysarthria, fever ≥ 38.0 °C and convulsions; in mycotic lesions of the CNS they are headache, coordination disorders, positive meningeal symptoms, disturbances of consciousness, cognitive disorders, visual disorders, cranial nerve deficiency, convulsions and dysarthria. The clinical picture of bacterial (exacted) meningitis was dominated by positive meningeal symptoms, headache, fever, impaired consciousness. At the same time, in such neurological manifestations of central nervous system lesions as cranial nerve paresis, mono− and hemiparesis, visual, coordination and speech disorders, which mostly accompany cerebral toxoplasmosis, cerebrovascular diseases, brain tumors, encephalitis of unspecified etiology. Thus, the analysis suggests that the clinical manifestations of various etiologies of lesions of the central nervous system are often nonspecific and probably are stipulated with common morphological changes in brain tissue, which may be associated with the neuropathological effects of HIV, as well as a large impact co−infection. Key words: HIV infection, opportunistic infections, central nervous system, main symptoms.

scholarly journals The role of acetylcholine neurotransmission in the pharmacotherapy of cognitive dysfunction

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. V. Zaharov ◽  
V. A. Mihailov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Cholinergic System ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Disorder ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Organic Lesions

Microangiopathy and deficit in cholinergic system innervating cerebral cortex and controlling the plasticity of neuronal structuresplay an important role in the formation of cognitive disorders. The main approaches to the therapy of dementia and organic lesions followed by cognitive disorder are based on the hypothesis of replenishment of acetylcholine. Choline alfoscerate takes a special place among the precursors of choline due to its proven effectiveness in the treatment of ischemic and neurodegenerative lesions of the central nervous system. The article presents the materials of experimental and clinical studies of the drug choline alfostserat (Gliatilin).

scholarly journals Multiple Sclerosis and Evaluation of Vitamin D Effect

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zahra Eslamifar ◽  
Behnaz Deihim ◽  
Reza Ghaffaripour
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cognitive Disorders ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Disease Modifying Drugs ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system with symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. The symptoms vary depending on damage location. Some of the symptoms include cognitive disorders, anxiety and depression, visual impairment, respiratory, speech and swallowing disorders, muscle spasm and fatigue. Due to the lack of a definitive treatment method, various therapeutic approaches are proposed to control the disease. Drugs are classified into attack control drugs, complication control drugs and disease-modifying drugs. Vitamin D is a hormone-like steroidal compound with immune modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a variety of inflammatory, neurologic and autoimmune diseases. Many studies on patients as well as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis studies have shown that the administration of vitamin D reduces inflammation in inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system. As argued, vitamin D level was significantly lower in MS compared to healthy subjects as controls.  Also, a higher level of vitamin D is reported in relapsing-remitting MS patients compared to patients with progressive MS. It is observed that higher serum levels of vitamin D can reduce the severity of symptoms, progress, and also delays the relapses. Few studies considered vitamin D to be ineffective in stopping or inhibition the disease. Despite the controversies concerning the role of vitamin D in MS progress, there is a lot of interest in further research in this regard with the hope of reaching a common ground. Therefore, frequent reviews of past and recent studies are essential to achieve the same results.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

Mammalian Bone Marrow Acetylcholinesterase

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
Ezzatollah Keyhani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Extracellular Medium ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mammalian Bone

Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) (ACHE) has been localized at cholinergic junctions both in the central nervous system and at the periphery and it functions in neurotransmission. ACHE was also found in other tissues without involvement in neurotransmission, but exhibiting the common property of transporting water and ions. This communication describes intracellular ACHE in mammalian bone marrow and its secretion into the extracellular medium.

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