Delayed Maturation of Cortical Infarction: Role of Caspasesand NF- K B-Mediated Transcription

2001 ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
A. M. Buchan
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Infarction ◽  
Delayed Maturation

Depletion of brain glutathione by buthionine sulfoximine enhances cerebral ischemic injury in rats

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (2) ◽  
pp. H313-H317 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mizui ◽  
H. Kinouchi ◽  
P. H. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Brain Infarction ◽  
Buthionine Sulfoximine ◽  
Triphenyltetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Respiratory Enzymes ◽  
Cortical Infarction ◽  
The Right

Oxygen free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain injury induced by ischemia/reperfusion. We studied the role of endogenous reduced glutathione (GSH) in brain infarction associated with focal cerebral ischemia caused by permanent ligation of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the right common carotid artery (CCA) plus temporary occlusion of the left CCA. GSH levels in the ischemic side of cortex decreased with time after ischemia and preceded cortical infarction estimated by the staining of mitochondrial respiratory enzymes with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. GSH levels in the contralateral cortex were unchanged through the experimental periods. The extent of decrease of GSH levels and the severity of infarction in the ischemic cortex at 24 h after ischemia depended on the duration of occlusion of the left CCA. Depletion of brain GSH with buthionine sulfoximine, a selective inhibitor for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, exacerbated cortical infarction and edema after ischemia. These results suggest that the endogenous brain GSH is an important determinant in the defense mechanisms against lesion formation after ischemia and support the possible role of oxygen radicals in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury.

scholarly journals ID4 Is Required for Normal Ependymal Cell Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Rocamonde ◽  
Vicente Herranz-Pérez ◽  
Jose Manuel Garcia-Verdugo ◽  
Emmanuelle Huillard
Keyword(s):  
Radial Glia ◽  
Ependymal Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Cell Development ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
Multiciliated Cells ◽  
Delayed Maturation ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Ependymal cells are radial glia-derived multiciliated cells lining the lateral ventricles of the brain and spinal cord. Correct development and coordinated cilia beating is essential for proper cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and neurogenesis modulation. Dysfunctions of ependymal cells were associated with transcription factor deregulation. Here we provide evidence that the transcriptional regulator ID4 is involved in ependymal cell development and maturation. We observed that Id4-deficient mice display altered ventricular cell cytoarchitecture, decreased ependymal cell number and enlarged ventricles. In addition, absence of ID4 during embryonic development resulted in decreased ependymal cell number and delayed maturation. Our findings open the way for a potential role of ID4 in ependymal cell development and motor cilia function.

scholarly journals Role of Nrf2 Signaling in Development of Hepatocyte-Like Cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chie Takasu ◽  
Luping Gao ◽  
Yu Saito ◽  
Yuji Morine ◽  
Tetsuya Ikemoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Delayed Maturation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Gsk3 Inhibitor

Abstract Generation of hepatocytes from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADSCs) could be a promising alternative source of human hepatocytes. However, mechanisms to differentiate hepatocytes from hADSCs are not fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in differentiation of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs). We used our established three-step differentiation protocol to develop HLCs from hADSCs. Significant nuclear translocation of Nrf2 occurred from day 11 (Step 2) until the end of HLC differentiation. There were no significant differences in Nrf2 translocation rates among the four experimental groups (activin-A, GSK3 inhibitor, Nrf2 siRNA, and control) at day 6 (end of Step 1). Nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the GSK3 inhibitor-treated group was obviously higher than the other groups at day 11 (Step 2). Moreover, nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in the GSK3 inhibitor-treated group was notably higher than the other groups during Step 3. CYP3A4 activity (Luciferin-IPA assay) of the GSK3 inhibitor-treated group was significantly higher than the other three groups. Nrf2 was activated during differentiation of HLCs, and inhibition of Nrf2 delayed maturation and impaired the function of HLCs. Thus, Nrf2 might be a notable target for developing highly functional human HLCs.

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

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