Histologic Criteria for Diagnosis and Classification of Acute Leukemias

1973 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
H. Rappaport
Keyword(s):  
Acute Leukemias ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Criteria For Diagnosis

scholarly journals Irritable Bowel Syndrome Subtypes: New Names for Old Medical Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 122-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Grad  ◽  
Dan L. Dumitrascu
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorder ◽  
Rome Criteria ◽  
Conceptual Changes ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Criteria For Diagnosis ◽  
Irritable Bowel

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder (FGID), also called disorders of the gut-brain interaction (DGBI). Over the years, the definition and classification of IBS suffered several conceptual changes. The work of the Rome Committees has largely contributed to the progress in knowledge and awareness of IBS. This paper is an overview of the evolution of diagnosis and classification criteria of IBS. Background: The majority of the complaints causing presentation to the general gastroenterological centers are represented by FGID. IBS is the most frequent among them. IBS is not a uniform condition but includes an array of particular forms called subtypes. Criteria for the identification of the IBS subtypes have suffered several changes in parallel with the accumulation of scientific evidence about this disorder. Classification of IBS subtypes relies on symptoms. Summary: This is a review of the evolution of the criteria for diagnosis and classification of IBS subtypes. Starting with older names given to IBS, some changes in definition and diagnosis have been operated by each edition of the Rome criteria. These changes have led to the better identification of patients with IBS. The management of IBS depends on subtypes and should be individualized. Key Messages: IBS is the main FGID, called also DGBI. It is not a homogenous disorder but a generic name for an array of subtypes with common features but with clinical differences. The diagnosis and classification of IBS subtypes have evolved in time, in accordance with the progress of the knowledge on pathogenesis. It is important for healthcare providers to recognize the subtypes and to use a common nomenclature (that offered by the Rome Committees work).

scholarly journals Multifaceted Approach to the Diagnosis and Classification of Acute Leukemias

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1252-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Remission Induction ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Acute Leukemias ◽  
Multifaceted Approach ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification

Abstract Until recently, the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid (AML) and acute lymphoblastic (ALL) leukemias was based almost exclusively on well-defined morphologic criteria and cytochemical stains. Although most cases can be diagnosed by these methods, there is only modest correlation between morphologic categories and treatment responsiveness and prognosis. The expansion of therapeutic options and improvement in remission induction and disease-free survival for both AML and ALL have stimulated emphasis on defining good and poor treatment response groups. This is most effectively accomplished by a multifaceted approach to diagnosis and classification using immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular analysis in addition to the traditional methods. Immunophenotyping is important in characterizing morphologically poorly differentiated acute leukemias and in defining prognostic categories of ALL. Cytogenetic and molecular studies provide important prognostic information and are becoming vitally important in determining the appropriate treatment protocol. With optimal application of these techniques in the diagnosis of acute leukemias, treatment strategies can be more specifically directed and new therapeutic approaches can be evaluated more effectively.

Acute Leukemia Immunohistochemistry: A Systematic Diagnostic Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-475
Author(s):  
Randall J. Olsen ◽  
Chung-Che Chang ◽  
Jennifer L. Herrick ◽  
Youli Zu ◽  
Aamir Ehsan
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Acute Leukemias ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Implications ◽  
Formalin Fixed Tissue ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification

Abstract Context.—The diagnosis and classification of leukemia is becoming increasingly complex. Current classification schemes incorporate morphologic features, immunophenotype, molecular genetics, and clinical data to specifically categorize leukemias into various subtypes. Although sophisticated methodologies are frequently used to detect characteristic features conferring diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic implications, a thorough microscopic examination remains essential to the pathologic evaluation. Detailed blast immunophenotyping can be performed with lineage- and maturation-specific markers. Although no one marker is pathognomonic for one malignancy, a well-chosen panel of antibodies can efficiently aid the diagnosis and classification of acute leukemias. Objective.—To review important developments from recent and historical literature. General immunohistochemical staining patterns of the most commonly encountered lymphoid and myeloid leukemias are emphasized. The goal is to discuss the immunostaining of acute leukemias when flow cytometry and genetic studies are not available. Data Sources.—A comprehensive review was performed of the relevant literature indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and referenced medical texts. Additional references were identified in the reviewed manuscripts. Conclusions.—Immunophenotyping of blasts using an immunohistochemical approach to lymphoid and myeloid malignancies is presented. Initial and subsequent additional antibody panels are suggested to confirm or exclude each possibility in the differential diagnosis and a general strategy for diagnostic evaluation is discussed. Although the use of immunohistochemistry alone is limited and evaluation by flow cytometry and genetic studies is highly recommended, unavoidable situations requiring analysis of formalin-fixed tissue specimens arise. When performed in an optimized laboratory and combined with a careful morphologic examination, the immunohistochemical approach represents a useful laboratory tool for classifying various leukemias.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOPHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-239
Author(s):  
Tatiana Cristina ENACHE ◽  
◽  
Ana-Maria VLĂDĂREANU ◽  
Horia BUMBEA ◽  
Minodora ONISÂI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Disease ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Acute Leukemias ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Myeloid Leukemias ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Insufficiency Syndrome ◽  
Acute Myeloid

Acute leukemias are a group of hematopoietic stem cell malignancies characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of immature cell (blasts) clones that associate medullary insufficiency syndrome (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia). Depending on the origin of the malignant clone, two major categories of acute leukemias are: acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Studies show an annual incidence of acute leukemias in European adults of 5-6 cases per 100,000 people with an increase in over 70 years of age, reaching an incidence of about 15-20 / 100,000 people. Of the total acute myeloid leukemias, 20% occur in children and 80% are among adults. Diagnosis of acute leukemias is based on the recognition of morphological, cytochemical, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic and molecular biology changes. Immunophenotyping plays a major role in the diagnosis and classification of acute leukemias, in differentiation of acute myeloid and lymphocytic leukemias and in detection of minimal residual disease.

scholarly journals Diagnosing haemophagocytic syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan S Sen ◽  
Colin G Steward ◽  
Athimalaipet V Ramanan
Keyword(s):  
Early Recognition ◽  
Haemophagocytic Syndrome ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
The Past ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Criteria For Diagnosis ◽  
Purpuric Rash

Haemophagocytic syndrome, or haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), is a hyperinflammatory disorder characterised by uncontrolled activation of the immune system. It can result from mutations in multiple genes involved in cytotoxicity or occur secondary to a range of infections, malignancies or autoimmune rheumatic diseases. In the latter case, it is also known as macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Characteristic features are persistent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, petechial/purpuric rash, progressive cytopenias, coagulopathy, transaminitis, raised C reactive protein, falling erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypofibrinogenaemia and extreme hyperferritinaemia often associated with multi-organ impairment. Distinguishing HLH from systemic sepsis can present a major challenge. Criteria for diagnosis and classification of HLH and MAS are available and a serum ferritin >10 000 µg/L is strongly supportive of HLH. Without early recognition and appropriate treatment, HLH is almost universally fatal. However, with prompt referral and advancements in treatment over the past two decades, outcomes have greatly improved.

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