Computer-Generated Holographic Beams for the Investigation of the Molecular and Circuit Function

2014 ◽  
pp. 7-26
Author(s):  
Marco Dal Maschio
Keyword(s):  
Circuit Function

Microfabrication research at the National Submicron Facility

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
E.D. Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
New Science ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intermediate Domain ◽  
Circuit Function

Most microelectronics devices and circuits operate faster, consume less power, execute more functions and cost less per circuit function when the feature-sizes internal to the devices and circuits are made smaller. This is part of the stimulus for the Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) program. There is also a need for smaller, more sensitive sensors in a wide range of disciplines that includes electrochemistry, neurophysiology and ultra-high pressure solid state research. There is often fundamental new science (and sometimes new technology) to be revealed (and used) when a basic parameter such as size is extended to new dimensions, as is evident at the two extremes of smallness and largeness, high energy particle physics and cosmology, respectively. However, there is also a very important intermediate domain of size that spans from the diameter of a small cluster of atoms up to near one micrometer which may also have just as profound effects on society as “big” physics.

scholarly journals Altered dopaminergic firing pattern and novelty response underlie ADHD-like behavior of SorCS2-deficient mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ditte Olsen ◽  
Niels Wellner ◽  
Mathias Kaas ◽  
Inge E. M. de Jong ◽  
Florence Sotty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Firing Pattern ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Paradoxical Response ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Responses To Dopamine ◽  
Circuit Function ◽  
Underlying Pathophysiology

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most frequently diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder worldwide. Affected individuals present with hyperactivity, inattention, and cognitive deficits and display a characteristic paradoxical response to drugs affecting the dopaminergic system. However, the underlying pathophysiology of ADHD and how this relates to dopaminergic transmission remains to be fully understood. Sorcs2−/− mice uniquely recapitulate symptoms reminiscent of ADHD in humans. Here, we show that lack of SorCS2 in mice results in lower sucrose intake, indicating general reward deficits. Using in-vivo recordings, we further find that dopaminergic transmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is shifted towards a more regular firing pattern with marked reductions in the relative occurrence of irregular firing in Sorcs2−/− mice. This was paralleled by abnormal acute behavioral responses to dopamine receptor agonists, suggesting fundamental differences in dopaminergic circuits and indicating a perturbation in the balance between the activities of the postsynaptic dopamine receptor DRD1 and the presynaptic inhibitory autoreceptor DRD2. Interestingly, the hyperactivity and drug response of Sorcs2−/− mice were markedly affected by novelty. Taken together, our findings show how loss of a candidate ADHD-risk gene has marked effects on dopaminergic circuit function and the behavioral response to the environment.

scholarly journals Shisa6 mediates cell-type specific regulation of depression in the nucleus accumbens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Dae Kim ◽  
Jing Wei ◽  
Tanessa Call ◽  
Nicole Teru Quintus ◽  
Alexander J. Summers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Excitatory Synapses ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Specific Regulation ◽  
Circuit Function

AbstractDepression is the leading cause of disability and produces enormous health and economic burdens. Current treatment approaches for depression are largely ineffective and leave more than 50% of patients symptomatic, mainly because of non-selective and broad action of antidepressants. Thus, there is an urgent need to design and develop novel therapeutics to treat depression. Given the heterogeneity and complexity of the brain, identification of molecular mechanisms within specific cell-types responsible for producing depression-like behaviors will advance development of therapies. In the reward circuitry, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key brain region of depression pathophysiology, possibly based on differential activity of D1- or D2- medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Here we report a circuit- and cell-type specific molecular target for depression, Shisa6, recently defined as an AMPAR component, which is increased only in D1-MSNs in the NAc of susceptible mice. Using the Ribotag approach, we dissected the transcriptional profile of D1- and D2-MSNs by RNA sequencing following a mouse model of depression, chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). Bioinformatic analyses identified cell-type specific genes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of depression, including Shisa6. We found selective optogenetic activation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to NAc circuit increases Shisa6 expression in D1-MSNs. Shisa6 is specifically located in excitatory synapses of D1-MSNs and increases excitability of neurons, which promotes anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in mice. Cell-type and circuit-specific action of Shisa6, which directly modulates excitatory synapses that convey aversive information, identifies the protein as a potential rapid-antidepressant target for aberrant circuit function in depression.

scholarly journals Neural circuit function redundancy in brain disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Beatriz E.P. Mizusaki ◽  
Cian O'Donnell
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Circuit Function

scholarly journals Closed and open breathing circuit function in healthy volunteers during exercise at Mount Everest base camp (5300 m)

Anaesthesia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 875-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. N. McMorrow ◽  
J. S. Windsor ◽  
N. D. Hart ◽  
P. Richards ◽  
G. W. Rodway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Breathing Circuit ◽  
Mount Everest ◽  
Base Camp ◽  
Circuit Function
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