Technology and Behavioural Dynamics

2012 ◽  
pp. 155-235
Author(s):  
Sebastian Buckup
Keyword(s):  
Behavioural Dynamics

scholarly journals Lane Formation Beyond Intuition Towards an Automated Characterization of Lanes in Counter-flows

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Crociani ◽  
Giuseppe Vizzari ◽  
Andrea Gorrini ◽  
Stefania Bandini
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Variable Density ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Dbscan Clustering ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Lane Formation ◽  
Human Coder ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics

Pedestrian behavioural dynamics have been growingly investigated by means of (semi)automated computing techniques for almost two decades, exploiting advancements on computing power, sensor accuracy and availability, computer vision algorithms. This has led to a unique consensus on the existence of significant difference between unidirectional and bidirectional flows of pedestrians, where the phenomenon of lane formation seems to play a major role. The collective behaviour of lane formation emerges in condition of variable density and due to a self-organisation dynamic, for which pedestrians are induced to walk following preceding persons to avoid and minimize conflictual situations. Although the formation of lanes is a well-known phenomenon in this field of study, there is still a lack of methods offering the possibility to provide an (even semi-) automatic identification and a quantitative characterization. In this context, the paper proposes an unsupervised learning approach for an automatic detection of lanes in multi-directional pedestrian flows, based on the DBSCAN clustering algorithm. The reliability of the approach is evaluated through an inter-rater agreement test between the results achieved by a human coder and by the algorithm.

The establishment and maintenance of dominance hierarchies

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Tibbetts ◽  
Juanita Pardo-Sanchez ◽  
Chloe Weise
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Hierarchy Formation ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics ◽  
Self Organizing

Animal groups are often organized hierarchically, with dominant individuals gaining priority access to resources and reproduction over subordinate individuals. Initial dominance hierarchy formation may be influenced by multiple interacting factors, including an animal's individual attributes, conventions and self-organizing social dynamics. After establishment, hierarchies are typically maintained over the long-term because individuals save time, energy and reduce the risk of injury by recognizing and abiding by established dominance relationships. A separate set of behaviours are used to maintain dominance relationships within groups, including behaviours that stabilize ranks (punishment, threats, behavioural asymmetry), as well as signals that provide information about dominance rank (individual identity signals, signals of dominance). In this review, we describe the behaviours used to establish and maintain dominance hierarchies across different taxa and types of societies. We also review opportunities for future research including: testing how self-organizing behavioural dynamics interact with other factors to mediate dominance hierarchy formation, measuring the long-term stability of social hierarchies and the factors that disrupt hierarchy stability, incorporating phenotypic plasticity into our understanding of the behavioural dynamics of hierarchies and considering how cognition coevolves with the behaviours used to establish and maintain hierarchies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

scholarly journals Patterns, dynamics and consequences of microplastic ingestion by the temperate coral, Astrangia poculata

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1905) ◽  
pp. 20190726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randi D. Rotjan ◽  
Koty H. Sharp ◽  
Anna E. Gauthier ◽  
Rowan Yelton ◽  
Eliya M. Baron Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Coastal Environments ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Astrangia Poculata ◽  
Temperate Coral ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics

Microplastics (less than 5 mm) are a recognized threat to aquatic food webs because they are ingested at multiple trophic levels and may bioaccumulate. In urban coastal environments, high densities of microplastics may disrupt nutritional intake. However, behavioural dynamics and consequences of microparticle ingestion are still poorly understood. As filter or suspension feeders, benthic marine invertebrates are vulnerable to microplastic ingestion. We explored microplastic ingestion by the temperate coral Astrangia poculata . We detected an average of over 100 microplastic particles per polyp in wild-captured colonies from Rhode Island. In the laboratory, corals were fed microbeads to characterize ingestion preference and retention of microplastics and consequences on feeding behaviour. Corals were fed biofilmed microplastics to test whether plastics serve as vectors for microbes. Ingested microplastics were apparent within the mesenterial tissues of the gastrovascular cavity. Corals preferred microplastic beads and declined subsequent offerings of brine shrimp eggs of the same diameter, suggesting that microplastic ingestion can inhibit food intake. The corals co-ingested Escherichia coli cells with microbeads. These findings detail specific mechanisms by which microplastics threaten corals, but also hint that the coral A. poculata , which has a large coastal range, may serve as a useful bioindicator and monitoring tool for microplastic pollution.

scholarly journals Concept of information laser: from quantum theory to behavioural dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 227 (15-16) ◽  
pp. 2133-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Khrennikov ◽  
Zeno Toffano ◽  
François Dubois
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Theory ◽  
Concept Of Information ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics

scholarly journals A systems psychodynamic description of organisational bullying experiences

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Free Association ◽  
Dyadic Relationship ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Value Add ◽  
Bullying Experiences ◽  
Narrative Interviewing ◽  
Systemic Understanding ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics

Orientation: Organisational bullying experiences manifest themselves as an intense unconscious systemic dynamic involving the bully, the victim and the organisational culture. The relatedness between the objects is characterised by valences and mutual defence mechanisms such as splitting, projection and projective identification.Research purpose: The purpose of this research was to describe organisational bullying experiences from the system psychodynamic perspective.Motivation for the study: Individual psychology tends to simplify organisational bullying by focussing on the bully’s symptomatic behaviour. Systems psychodynamic thinking focuses on the behavioural dynamics in the relationship between the bully and victim, and the relatedness of both with the organisational system.Research design, approach and method: Qualitative and descriptive research, using six participants as case studies, was undertaken. Data was gathered through Free Association Narrative Interviewing and analysed using discourse analysis.Main findings: Three themes manifested themselves, namely, snakes and hyenas, a complex interconnected dyad, and the institutionalisation of bullying. The research hypothesis integrating these three themes was presented.Practical/managerial implications: In resolving organisational bullying Industrial Organisational psychologists need to pursue this phenomenon not only in terms of its symptoms, but in a holistic, systemic and role related manner addressing all of its parts.Contribution/value-add: The systemic understanding of organisational bullying implies the complexity of studying the behaviour of all parts – the bully, the victim, their dyadic relationship as well as how bullying is institutionalised in the organisational setting, climate and culture.

scholarly journals Evolutionary game theory modelling to represent the behavioural dynamics of economic shutdowns and shield immunity in the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 201095 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Ariful Kabir ◽  
Jun Tanimoto
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Complex Model ◽  
Emergency Relief ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics ◽  
At Home

The unprecedented global spread of COVID-19 has prompted dramatic public-health measures like strict stay-at-home orders and economic shutdowns. Some governments have resisted such measures in the hope that naturally acquired shield immunity could slow the spread of the virus. In the absence of empirical data about the effectiveness of these measures, policymakers must turn to epidemiological modelling to evaluate options for responding to the pandemic. This paper combines compartmental epidemiological models with the concept of behavioural dynamics from evolutionary game theory (EGT). This innovation allows us to model how compliance with an economic lockdown might wane over time, as individuals weigh the risk of infection against the certainty of the economic cost of staying at home. Governments can, however, increase spending on social programmes to mitigate the cost of a shutdown. Numerical analysis of our model suggests that emergency-relief funds spent at the individual level are effective in reducing the duration and overall economic cost of a pandemic. We also find that shield immunity takes hold in a population most easily when a lockdown is enacted with relatively low costs to the individual. Our qualitative analysis of a complex model provides evidence that the effects of shield immunity and economic shutdowns are complementary, such that governments should pursue them in tandem.

scholarly journals The social selection alternative to sexual selection

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1600) ◽  
pp. 2294-2303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan Roughgarden
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Social Selection ◽  
Individual Selection ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Offspring Production ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics

Social selection offers an alternative to sexual selection by reversing its logic. Social selection starts with offspring production and works back to mating, and starts with behavioural dynamics and works up to gene pool dynamics. In social selection, courtship can potentially be deduced as a negotiation, leading to an optimal allocation of tasks during offspring rearing. Ornaments facilitate this negotiation and also comprise ‘admission tickets’ to cliques. Mating pairs may form ‘teams’ based on the reciprocal sharing of pleasure. The parent–offspring relation can be managed by the parent considered as the owner of a ‘family firm’ whose product is offspring. The cooperation in reproductive social behaviour evolves as a mutual direct benefit through individual selection rather than as some form of altruism requiring kin or multi-level selection.

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