EXPRESS: Dynamic relationships between LMX and employee role-making behaviours: The moderating role of employee emotional ambivalence

We set out to understand how role-making works and what roles employees and leaders play in this process. Employees often make changes to their work roles, such as by negotiating their job responsibilities and seeking challenging tasks. In this study, we suggest that role-making behaviours influence and are influenced by the dyadic relationship between leaders and employees, otherwise known as leader–member exchange (LMX). We collected three waves of survey data from a sample of Chinese employees who were recent college graduates (n = 203). The results from cross-lagged panel analyses showed that 1) LMX and job-change negotiation were reciprocally related to each other and 2) initial LMX was associated with increased challenge-seeking behaviours, although these behaviours did not lead to greater LMX later on. In addition, we found evidence that when employees experienced a high level of emotional ambivalence (a conflicting, mixed, and complex emotional state), the direct and reciprocal relationships between LMX and role-making behaviours were weakened. Our findings advance the understanding of the development of leader–employee relationships in the workplace and have implications for strengthening employee perceptions of high-quality relationships with their leaders by making changes to their workplace roles.

A CONCEPTUAL PAPER ON THE INFLUENCE OF MUTUAL RESPECT ON LEADER-SUBORDINATE RELATIONSHIP IN THE MALAYSIAN PUBLIC SERVICES

Respect has a crucial role in a dyadic relationship, especially between leader and subordinate, because of the reciprocal costs in the relationship when respect is gained or earned. Leaders can be respected because of their position or fair treatment given to their subordinates. Respect has been featured in the leadership literature; however, few touches on the perspective of mutuality in respect, especially in a dyadic leader-subordinate relationship. The impact of the leader-subordinate relationship is significant in the Malaysian public services, as the scheme of grades determines the employees’ hierarchy. The Malaysian public services organizations' issues often arise from employees’ behavior and working relationships that affect their delivery. A high exchange of the dyadic leader and subordinate relationship correlated with desirable outcomes such as positive performance and attitudinal outcomes. One of the significant elements of the subordinates’ response is the attitude of respect towards the leader. Hence, this paper aimed to investigate the influence of mutual respect on the leader-subordinate working relationship in the public services that has implications for performance and service delivery.

Mirroring Emotions: Patients' Versus Caregivers' Perceptions of Sexual Experience in Parkinson's Disease

Background and aims: The need for intimacy and sexual expression is an essential dimension of quality of life. As patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have to cope with essential changes in their global and sexual functioning, achieving a satisfying intimate and sexual relationship can be challenging. Sexual experience is a complex process that involves a dyadic relationship. In this study, we aimed to characterize the sexual experience of patients with Parkinson's disease and patients' vs caregivers' perceptions. Methods Twenty-seven PD patients and their caregivers were asked to complete the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) anonymously. They were instructed to refer to their sexual behavior over the past year and to consider behavioral changes that lasted for at least four consecutive weeks. Results Our data suggest that when considering sexual perceptions in PD, there is often agreement of judgment between patients and their partners. Overall, they have a rather good sex life, especially in the early stage of the disease, with similar behavior shown by men and women. Conclusions The effect of PD on the sexual and couple relationship challenges healthcare professionals to focus on the needs of both partners and to plan specific interventions in such a way as to prevent the deterioration of the couples' sexual wellbeing.

An integrative theoretical model to predict positive aspects of caregiving in dementia

Family caregiving for dementia is the crucial informal care resource to buffer the associated disease burden. Whereas substantial research focused on ameliorating the caregiving burden through increasing their coping resources, least attention is placed on how to promotive their positive aspects of caregiving (PAC). This longitudinal exploratory study aimed at testingWhereas the perceived self-efficacy was further enriched in the context of good social sup an integrative theoretical model which attempts to explain the evolvement of PAC from the paradigm of stress and coping and existentialism. From to June 2017 to April 2020, we have recruited a total of 403 dementia caregivers from the a geriatric clinic in Hong Kong (mean age = 56.2, SD = 12.2; child-caregiver: 73.9%). About 61% of them were taking care of PwD of moderate to severe dementia. Validated instruments were used to measure the hypothesized model constructs. By using path analysis, it was found that PAC was evolved from two conditions, including i) perceived self-efficacy developed through active coping strategies for carers with good to moderate social support and ii) meaning-focused coping in the context of high religiosity, better social support and active coping. Data-model fit was evident by RMSEA = 0.023, CFI = 0.994, NFI = 0.968 and AIC = 97.762. The findings suggested that PAC was evolved from the interaction of the stress-coping and meaning-making process. Empowering carers for successful caregiving experience, facilitating them to make meaning in the process, enhancing good dyadic relationship and social support are crucial to cultivate PAC.

The Illness Experience of Veterans With Dementia: Perceived Measures Related to Depressive Symptoms

Recent work has examined how individuals with dementia (IWDs) experience their illness, although few studies have looked at IWDs who report heightened depressive symptoms, a key well-being outcome. Stressing the ability of IWDs to self-report and guided by the Stress Process Model for Individuals with Dementia, this study examined the relationships between depressive symptoms and various aspects of the illness experience including objective cognition, perceived memory difficulty, perceived functional difficulty, and dyadic relationship strain. The sample includes IWDs with mild to severe dementia who are veterans (N=69). Significant positive correlations emerged between depressive symptoms and several measures of the illness experience: perceived cognition (r=.48, p<.001), perceived function (r =.43, p<.001), and dyadic relationship strain (r=.32, p=.01). In contrast, objective cognition, measured by a modified version of the Blessed Orientation Memory Concentration test, was not significant (r =-.06, p=.63). A multiple regression found the total variance explained by all independent variables was 32% (R2=.32, F(4,68)=7.58, p<.001), with perceived memory difficulty (B=.26, p<.01) and dyadic relationship strain (B=.25, p=.04) accounting for unique and significant variance in depressive symptoms. A mediation analysis indicated perceived memory difficulty fully mediated the relationship between perceived functional difficulty and depressive symptoms. Findings highlight the importance of IWDs perceptions of their illness experience for psychosocial well-being outcomes, such as depressive symptoms. Findings add to the literature by showing the importance of IWDs perceptions of their illness and their impact on well-being outcomes. Results also demonstrate the utility and feasibility of including self-reported data from IWDs in research studies.

Caregivers' Loss of the Dyadic Experience After Their Care Partner's Death

One emerging dyadic concept is the experience of family caregivers when their care partner dies and their dyadic relationship comes to an end. This study qualitatively examined and characterized the loss of the dyadic experience for the caregiver after the death of their care partner. Data was accrued as part of a randomized clinical trial in 29 older hospice caregivers. Iterative thematic analysis focused on dyadic processes before, during and post death. Using two relational parameters from Relational Turbulence Theory resulted in a preliminary characterization of a new concept - dyadic dissolution as a cognitive and affective process whereby a remaining member of a dyad experiences relational uncertainty and partner interference while adapting (or not) to the death of their care partner. Findings suggest that asking several open-ended questions about the dyadic relationship will enable assessment for any continuing impact of relational uncertainty and partner interference on bereaved caregivers.

Modifiable Risk Factors of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in People with Dementia

Over ninety percent of people with dementia (PWD) experience behavioral and psychological symptoms, known to increase burden on care providers and healthcare systems. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine the modifiable risk factors of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) at the individual, caregiver, and environmental levels. An electronic database search was performed using PubMed, CINAHL[EBSCO], Web of Science, and PsycINFO from 2010-2020. Search terms included “dementia” AND (“Behavioral” OR “Behavioural” OR “Psychological” OR “Neuropsychiatric”) AND “symptoms” AND (“Independent Living” OR “Community Dwelling” OR “Community Living” OR “Living at Home” OR “Ageing in Place.” The search yielded 1,121 articles, and 14 articles were included in this review. Among the 14 articles, there were 11 modifiable risk factors presented across the individual, caregiver, and environmental levels. Individual-level factors included the presence of affective disorder, low quality of life, and leisure dysfunction. The modifiable caregiver-level factors included relationship with PWD, frequency of contact, caregiver burden, distress, frustration level, caregiver as a resource for PWD, and quality of dyadic relationship. One environmental factor, the presence of pandemic disease (e.g., COVID 19), was identified. This review presents the modifiable factors that contribute to the varied symptoms and multi domains of BPSD. Further research is necessary to determine whether, and to what degree, interventions targeting individual, caregiver, or environmental risk factors may reduce BPSD for PWD, caregivers, and providers within the community setting.

Perceptions of Generational Conflict Among Three Age Groups in South Korea

After rapid industrialization during the past few decades, the gap between generations in South Korea has widened and the issue of generational conflict is being discussed as a social problem (Chung & Lim, 2018). The purpose of this study is to find out how each generation perceives generational conflict in the areas of family, politics, economy and social welfare, and culture. An online survey of 1,000 adults aged 20 and over was conducted nationwide in South Korea in January, 2021 with three age groups: the youngest group aged 20-39, mid-age group of 40- 64 and the oldest group of 65 and over. The questionnaire was created using the items developed by a previous research that used a Delphi technique (Chung, 2020). Participants answered how serious they perceive generational conflict in the dyadic relationship on 5-point Likert scales. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and t-tests have been performed to see the generational differences. Results show that the youngest group and the oldest group perceive the highest level of generational conflict each other in the areas of culture and politics. In cultural aspects, ‘use of slang among the same group’, ‘Ability to utilize digital devices’ were the items that had the highest level of conflict. In the political realm, progressive vs. conservative ideology was the area of the highest conflict. In addition, t-test results showed that the oldest group perceived generational conflict even deeper than the youngest group in the ‘economy and social welfare’ and cultural areas. Implications of these findings are discussed.

An expectation-performance gap between money laundering reporting officers and their directors – evidence from Germany

Purpose Money Laundering Reporting Officers (MLROs) carry out day-to-day anti-money laundering (AML) tasks while directors ultimately remain responsible for AML compliance. Therefore, directors’ expectations of what their MLROs do should ideally coincide with what their actual tasks to minimise liability risk. This paper aims to test for gaps between MLROs and their directors in terms of knowledge, expectations and performance of AML tasks. Likewise, it is researched whether MLROs and directors communicate well with regard to MLROs’ tasks. Design/methodology/approach This paper first develops a model for analysing the dyadic relationship between MLROs and their directors, based on the audit expectation-performance gap. Second, a paired electronic survey of MLROs and directors of German companies was conducted in autumn 2020, testing for participants’ knowledge, expectations and performance of possible AML tasks (n = 136 pairs). Findings While there is no knowledge or performance gap among MLROs and directors, expectations among them are partially unreasonable and their communication needs to be improved. Additionally, this study suggests that MLROs of German non-financial businesses are less knowledgeable, perform AML duties more poorly, and communicate less effectively with their directors. Practical implications Training of MLROs and communication with their directors need to be improved. Especially in the non-financial sector, action is urgently required. Originality/value This paper reports the results of the first paired survey of MLROs and their directors, offering unique insights into their relationship and the status of private AML efforts.