Large Scale Jets In Class I and Class II Radio Sources and Quasars

1989 ◽  
pp. 409-416
Author(s):  
G. V. Bicknell
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Radio Sources

scholarly journals Large Scale Jets in Class I and Class II Radio Sources and Quasars

1989 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 409-416
Author(s):  
G.V. Bicknell
Keyword(s):  
Interstellar Medium ◽  
Surface Brightness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
External Medium ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Slow Surface ◽  
Quasar Jets

ABSTRACTThe physics of large scale jets in class I and class II extragalactic radio sources and quasars is discussed. Class I jets appear to be turbulent, transonic jets which entrain the interstellar medium. The related jet deceleration causes a slow surface brightness decline which is usually observed. Class II jets are supersonic and terminate in an advancing shock against the external medium. Both types of jet are initially light but the ratio of jet density to external density of class I jets increases owing to entrainment. It is quite plausible that quasar jets are hypersonic and light and this may solve problems of confinement. The velocities of class I jets are of the order of a few thousand kilometers per second. Class II and quasar jets may be at least mildly relativistic. However, it is not clear whether the velocities of large scale jets in powerful sources are close to the speed of light. Recent depolarization measurements provide an interesting focus for discussion of this question.

scholarly journals 11.18. The magnetic switch and the FR I/FR II break

1998 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 491-492
Author(s):  
D.L. Meier ◽  
P. Godon ◽  
S. Edgington ◽  
D.G. Payne ◽  
K.R. Lind
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Accretion Disks ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Magnetic Switch

It is proposed that the Fanaroff and Riley division between class I and class II radio sources may be due to phenomena occurring in the coronae of magnetized accretion disks around black holes.

Large scale clinico-genomic analyses among patients with BRAF-mutated non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) identified by nationwide genomic screening project (LC-SCRUM-Japan).

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9590-9590
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Sakai ◽  
Shingo Matsumoto ◽  
Taku Nakagawa ◽  
Kadoaki Ohashi ◽  
Hidetoshi Itani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Class I ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Braf Mutations ◽  
Lung Cancers

9590 Background: BRAF mutations are functionally classified into three groups, comprisingV600-mutant kinase-activating monomers (class I), kinase-activating dimers (class II), kinase-inactivating heterodimers (class III). The difference of clinical outcomes and concomitant genetic alterations among the three classes in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are unclear. Methods: We have prospectively analyzed NSCLC patients (pts) for cancer-related genes by a next-generation sequencing system, Oncomine™ Comprehensive Assay, in a large-scale genome screening project in Japan (LC-SCRUM-Japan). The clinical characteristics and outcomes of pts with BRAF-mutated non-squamous (non-sq) NSCLC were comparatively evaluated among the three classes of BRAF mutations. Results: A total of 5166 non-sq NSCLC pts were enrolled into the LC-SCRUM-Japan from 2015 to 2019. BRAF mutations were detected in 176 pts (3%). Among the 176 pts, 153 (87%) were classified into the three classes according to the mutation variants, including 65 (42%) into class I, 52 (34%) into class II and 36 (24%) into class III. The remaining 23 were not classified into any of the three classes. Compared with class I, class II or class III was significantly associated with smoking (P = 0.02 and < 0.01, respectively). Concomitant RAS mutations were significantly more frequent in class II and class III than in class I (P < 0.01 and = 0.04, respectively). The frequency of concomitant STK11 mutations was significantly higher in class III than in others (P < 0.01, respectively). There was no significant difference in the frequency of other oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutations among the three classes. In the 1st-line platinum-containing chemotherapies for advanced or recurrent cases, median progression-free survival (mPFS) of class III pts was shorter than class I or class II pts (4.2, 11.5 and 4.8 months, I vs III; P < 0.01, II vs III; P = 0.06). In the treatment with 2nd-4th line PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, mPFS was not significantly different among the three classes. Overall survival of class III pts was significantly shorter than class I pts (11.9 vs 35.2 months, P = 0.03). Conclusions: Concomitant gene mutations and clinical features are largely different among the BRAF mutation classes. Especially in class III, concomitant RAS and STK11 mutations are more frequent and clinical outcomes were significantly less favorable. These results suggest the need of novel therapeutic strategy based on the mutation class for BRAF-mutated lung cancers.

scholarly journals A set of RT-PCR assays for detection of all known avian paramyxoviruses and application in surveillance of avian paramyxoviruses in China

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10748
Author(s):  
Ji-Hui Jin ◽  
Jing-Jing Wang ◽  
Ying-Chao Ren ◽  
Shuo Liu ◽  
Jin-Ping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Degenerate Primers ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Pcr Assays

Background Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs), also termed avian avulaviruses, are of a vast diversity and great significance in poultry. Detection of all known APMVs is challenging, and distribution of APMVs have not been well investigated. Methods A set of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for detection of all known APMVs were established using degenerate primers targeting the viral polymerase L gene. The assays were preliminarily evaluated using in-vitro transcribed double-stranded RNA controls and 24 known viruses, and then they were employed to detect 4,346 avian samples collected from 11 provinces. Results The assays could detect 20–200 copies of the double-stranded RNA controls, and detected correctly the 24 known viruses. Of the 4,346 avian samples detected using the assays, 72 samples were found positive. Of the 72 positives, 70 were confirmed through sequencing, indicating the assays were specific for APMVs. The 4,346 samples were also detected using a reported RT-PCR assay, and the results showed this RT-PCR assay was less sensitive than the assays reported here. Of the 70 confirmed positives, 40 were class I Newcastle disease virus (NDV or APMV-1) and 27 were class II NDV from poultry including chickens, ducks, geese, and pigeons, and three were APMV-2 from parrots. The surveillance identified APMV-2 in parrots for the first time, and revealed that prevalence of NDVs in live poultry markets was higher than that in poultry farms. The surveillance also suggested that class I NDVs in chickens could be as prevalent as in ducks, and class II NDVs in ducks could be more prevalent than in chickens, and class II NDVs could be more prevalent than class I NDVs in ducks. Altogether, we developed a set of specific and sensitive RT-PCR assays for detection of all known APMVs, and conducted a large-scale surveillance using the assays which shed novel insights into APMV epidemiology.

scholarly journals The distribution and identification of the sources

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 471-474
Author(s):  
R. Hanbury Brown
Keyword(s):  
Radio Astronomy ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Present Stage

At the present stage of radio astronomy it is convenient to divide the observed radio sources into two classes: Class I sources, which show a concentration into the galactic plane; and Class II sources, which are distributed more isotropically. In the present session we shall be concerned principally with the Class II sources.

scholarly journals The Magnetic Switch as the Origin of the FR I/FR II Break

1998 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 51-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.L. Meier ◽  
P. Godon ◽  
S. Edgington ◽  
D.G. Payne ◽  
K.R. Lind
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Accretion Disks ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Magnetic Switch ◽  
Strong Function ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Radio Power

AbstractWe propose that the Fanaroff & Riley division between class I and class II radio sources has its origins in the coronae of magnetized accretion disks around black holes. The “magnetic switch”, an effect that critically controls the speed of jets produced by such disks, can explain both qualitative and quantitative differences in the properties of the two classes. These include why morphology and jet speed are functions of radio power and why the division between the two classes is a strong function of galaxy optical luminosity.

The Relationship of the Fanaroff-Riley Classification of Extragalactic Radio Sources to Jet Physics

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. V. Bicknell
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Surrounding Medium ◽  
Strong Shock ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Jet Physics ◽  
Radio Sources ◽  
Extragalactic Radio Sources ◽  
Number Class

AbstractThe Class I/Class II division of extragalactic radio sources by Fanaroff-Riley is a manifestation of important physical differences existing in radio sources.It is proposed that the division essentially arises from the differing Mach numbers in Class I and Class II jets. The low Mach number, Class I jets are susceptible to turbulence, are decelerated by entrainment of the surrounding medium and maintain an anomalously high surface brightness as a result. The high Mach number, Class II jets are less turbulent and remain supersonic, produce high pressure shocks along their lengths and terminate via a strong shock against the IGM.An analysis of the energy balance in both types of source reveals jet velocities of the order of 5-10,000 km s-1 for Class I jets and mildly relativistic velocities for Class II jets.The important rôle of optical and X-ray observations in determining the gravitational field of pressure distribution in radio galaxies will be discussed with examples given of NGC1399 and IC4296.

Electron microscopy analysis of degenerating pancreatic ß cells in transgenic mice expressing the MHC Class I antigen Dd

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-549
Author(s):  
T. A. Stewart ◽  
D. Liggitt ◽  
S. Pitts ◽  
L. Martin ◽  
M. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type I Diabetes ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I ◽  
Type I ◽  
Aberrant Expression ◽  
Mhc Molecules ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Class Ii Mhc ◽  
Ifn Γ

Insulin-dependant (Type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from the lack of endogenous insulin secretion. The disease is thought to result from the autoimmune mediated destruction of the insulin producing ß cells within the islets of Langerhans. The disease process is probably triggered by environmental agents, e.g. virus or chemical toxins on a background of genetic susceptibility associated with particular alleles within the major histocompatiblity complex (MHC). The relation between IDDM and the MHC locus has been reinforced by the demonstration of both class I and class II MHC proteins on the surface of ß cells from newly diagnosed patients as well as mounting evidence that IDDM has an autoimmune pathogenesis. In 1984, a series of observations were used to advance a hypothesis, in which it was suggested that aberrant expression of class II MHC molecules, perhaps induced by gamma-interferon (IFN γ) could present self antigens and initiate an autoimmune disease. We have tested some aspects of this model and demonstrated that expression of IFN γ by pancreatic ß cells can initiate an inflammatory destruction of both the islets and pancreas and does lead to IDDM.

Tetracycline inducible MHC class II and class I expression

1997 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
D Witherden
Keyword(s):  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Class I
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