The ‘A Priori’ Moment of the Subject-Object Dialectic in Transcendental Phenomenology: The Relationship between ‘A Priori’ and ‘Ideality’

1974 ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Hans Köchler
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Transcendental Phenomenology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Educación y valores

2014 ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Sabino de Juan López
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Problem Of The Criterion

RESUMEN En el artículo se ofrece una reflexión en torno a la educación y valores. Tras una referencia a los diferentes sentidos en que se puede plantear el problema en función de la forma como se puede entender la relación entre los dos sustantivos “educación” y “valores”, la reflexión se centra en algunos problemas relacionados con los valores en cuanto contenidos de la educación. Primeramente se refiere al problema del criterio en función del cual determinar los valores de la educación, concluyendo en que el criterio no podía ser ni de carácter a priori, ni empírico, sino “sintético”. A continuación, se afronta el problema del principio, de la fuente de los valores, o la concreción del criterio de los valores de la educación, entendiendo que éstos deberían ser determinados a partir del sujeto de la educación. Se concluye con la referencia a una exigencia de los valores de la educación, la configuración de una totalidad unitaria e interactiva. Palabras clave: educación, valores, fuente de valores, integración, cultura EDUCATION AND VALUES ABSTRACT The article offers a reflection on education and values. After a reference to the different senses in which one can pose the problem in terms of how you can understand the relationship between the two nouns “education” and “values”, reflection focuses on some problems related to the values in the contents of education. First, it concerns the problem of the criterion against which to determine the values of education, concluding that the criterion could be neither a priori in nature, not empirical, but “synthetic”. Herein, the problem of principle is faced, the source of values, or the realization of the criterion of the values of education, understanding that these should be determined from the subject of education. It concludes with the reference of a requirement of the values in education, setting up a unitary and interactive whole. Key Words: education, values , power values , integration, culture

scholarly journals Voluntary disclosure and earnings management: evidence from the Brazilian capital market

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (74) ◽  
pp. 249-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Consoni ◽  
Romualdo Douglas Colauto ◽  
Gerlando Augusto Sampaio Franco de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Voluntary Disclosure ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACT This study examines the association between the voluntary disclosure of economic and financial information and earnings management. The outlined arguments on the subject are based on the assumption that consistent voluntary disclosure policies may reduce earnings management. The analysis is conducted on a random sample of 66 non-financial Brazilian listed companies in the 2005-2012 period. To measure voluntary disclosure, the index proposed by Consoni and Colauto (2016) is used. As a proxy for earnings management, discretionary accruals (DA) are estimated based on the model by Dechow, Sloan, and Sweeney (1995). The relationship between these measurements is analyzed using a model of simultaneous equations and by the random effects regression method with panel data. A significant negative relationship was expected a priori; however, the main result of the study indicates that voluntary disclosure and earnings management are not simultaneously determined or associated. Although the results obtained contradict certain theoretical assumptions, there are alternative explanations for this finding. The empirical set of evidence in this research, in addition to those in previous studies, should be interpreted with caution because there is no consensus on the measures for voluntary disclosure and earnings management. Second, several companies in Brazil may not be interested in providing high-quality voluntary disclosure because most of their shareholders enjoy private benefits of control. This issue reduces the importance of the potential market demand for information, stratifies information asymmetry, and does not prevent earnings management.

scholarly journals From Structure to Rhizome: Transdisciplinarity in French Thought. Subject Re-/Decentred

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-148
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Philosophical Concept ◽  
Conceptual Schemes ◽  
Modern Subject ◽  
Peter Strawson ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

The article is an interdisciplinary attempt to theologize the foundations of the concept of the subject in order to discover the “historical a priori” of the modern subject. Descartes did not postulate a Cartesian subject, but only had a persistent desire to avoid likening the thinking Self to a subject of thought. If Descartes at times used the word “subject,” it was only because his two opponents, first Hobbes and then Regius, forced him to adapt the subject to his dualistic idea of man. The Greek concept of hypokeimenon travelled a long road through hypostasis to reach the subject by way of the Christological problems that served as models for new philosophical problems and vice versa during a lengthy period in the history of philosophy. The union of two natures, the human and divine, in the hypostasis or “personality” of Christ is a model for the union of spirit and body as it was conceived from Leibniz to Peter Strawson. The subject arises from a combination of two conflicting models of subjectivity (Subiectität), which were gradually proposed, opposed and finally united in late Scholasticism: a combination of the Aristotelian (Peripatetic) philosophical concept of subjectivity (subjecthood) based on the relationships between hypokeimenon and accidents; and the Augustinian theological concept based on the relationship between ousia and hypostases, the cohabitation of the three hypostases, their mutual immanence, and the hypostatic alliance of the dual nature of Christ. Heidegger’s Subiectität will have historical value only if we believe that it includes two competing components inherited from late ancient philosophy and theology — hypokeimenon and hypostasis — that will then allow us to understand the modern version of subject as a “connecting bridge,” a transdisciplinary entity. This concept is a compromise for connecting two conceptual schemes: inherence and attribution. It defines what is required to be a subject in terms of subjecthood; however, it formulates what is proper to an I or ego, or to being an agent of thought and will, in terms of personality as a “combined center of choice and action” characterized by intentionality and spontaneity. Descartes never subscribed to an all-encompassing concept that places personality, identity, ego and causality under the single rubric of “subjecthood.” Before becoming decentralized, the subject had to become “centered.” It was to become the “center” of perception, the “center” of acting and enduring. The outlines of this concept were set in the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals ¿Una razón sin astucia? Revisitando el tópico fenomenología trascendental e historia

2021 ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Jesús M. Díaz Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Transcendental Phenomenology ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Genetic Phenomenology ◽  
Transcendental Theory ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Theory Of History

En este ensayo su autor revisita el tópico fenomenología trascendental e historia 12 años después de la publicación de un trabajo amplio sobre el tema. El escrito esta dividido en tres partes donde se muestras acuerdos y discrepancias con esa interpretación inicial. En la primera se rebate la tesis tan extendida de que la fenomenología de Husserl es alérgica a la historia y se establece una conjetura razonable sobre por qué, y a pesar de la evidencias en contra, sigue todavía bastante vigente esa idea entre los no versados en su obra. En la segunda parte, se muestra en positivo la articulación entre fenomenología e historia y se concluye que la manera quizá más adecuada de entender el sentido último del pensamiento de Husserl es comprenderlo como una teoría transcendental de la historia. Para mostrar esto se expondrá, en primer lugar, el hecho crucial del paso de la fenomenología estática a la fenomenología genética. En segundo lugar, se incidirá en la mutua interconexión entre historia intencional, a priori de la historia y filosofía o teleología de la historia. Por fin, en una tercera y última parte, se realizan algunas valoraciones críticas de las ideas husserlianas. También una autocrítica de algunas partes del mencionado trabajo publicado hace 12 años. Todas tienen que ver, en última instancia, con lo que hoy entiendo como excesiva potencia de la teleología de la historia y la idea de racionalidad y fundamento que la animan.In this essay, the author revisits the topic transcendental phenomenology and history 12 years after the publication of a book on the subject. The paper is divided into three parts and shows agreements and discrepancies with that initial interpretation. The first part contradicts the widespread thesis that Husserl's phenomenology is allergic to history, and develops a conjecture about why, despite the evidence to the contrary, this thesis is still quite common among those not strictly versed in Husserl’s work. The second part shows the positive articulation among phenomenology and history. It concludes that the best way to understand the ultimate meaning of Husserl's thought is considering it as a transcendental theory of history. In order to show the plausibility of this reading, this part of the essay will expose, first, the step from static to genetic phenomenology, and secondly, the mutual interconnection between intentional history, a priori of history, and philosophy or teleology of history. Finally, in a third and final part, some critical assessments of Husserl's ideas are made, also a criticism of the mentioned book of the author of the paper published 12 years ago. They are concerned, ultimately, with what I now understand as an excessive power of teleology of history and the idea of rationality and foundation that animates it.

Mathematical Chemistry, a New Discipline

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Denis Diderot ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Mathematical Chemistry ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

THE AIM OF THIS chapter is to ponder and discuss the relationship between chemistry and mathematics, taking into account some early research we have performed on the subject (Restrepo and Schummer 2014; Restrepo and Villaveces 2012, 2013; Restrepo 2013). In those works we have discussed some criticism and some support throughout history regarding the relationship. We analyzed the opinions of scholars ranging from Venel and Denis Diderot (eighteenth century) to Pierre Laszlo (twentieth century), all of whom are critical of mathematical chemistry. We also analyzed opinions by Brown and Paul Dirac (nineteenth and twentieth centuries, respectively), who sought a fruitful relationship between mathematics and chemistry. We discussed Kant and his double opinion regarding such a relationship as well. (In summary, Kant initially did not consider chemistry to be a science because of its apparent lack of mathematization, an idea Kant supported in the apparent a priori background of mathematics and in the a posteriori one of chemistry. Kant’s revised opinion about the relationship between mathematics and chemistry is totally different, Kant now thinks chemistry contains elements of mathematics.) We have also analyzed Comte’s opinions on the necessity of mathematics for chemistry and for the advancement of the latter (Restrepo 2013). Our work on the philosophy and history of the relationship between mathematics and chemistry is driven by the attention research on the field has gained between the 1960s and the present. A wealth of knowledge in the border between the two sciences has been generated but little attention has been paid to the philosophy and history of the subject (Restrepo and Schummer 2012). Thus in recent years scholars (Balaban 2005, 2013; Basak 2013; Deltete 2012; Gavroglu and Simões 2012; Restrepo and Villaveces 2012, 2013; Restrepo 2013; Schummer 2012; Hosoya 2013; Klein 2013), including the author of the present chapter, have decided to study such a relationship from both a historical and a philosophical viewpoint. One example of the increased interest are the special issues of Hyle, which were dedicated to mathematical chemistry.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Effects of a Priori Liking on the Elicitation of Mimicry

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 412-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariëlle Stel ◽  
Rick B. van Baaren ◽  
Jim Blascovich ◽  
Eric van Dijk ◽  
Cade McCall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
The Relationship

Mimicry and prosocial feelings are generally thought to be positively related. However, the conditions under which mimicry and liking are related largely remain unspecified. We advance this specification by examining the relationship between mimicry and liking more thoroughly. In two experiments, we manipulated an individual’s a priori liking for another and investigated whether it influenced mimicry of that person. Our experiments demonstrate that in the presence of a reason to like a target, automatic mimicry is increased. However, mimicry did not decrease when disliking a target. These studies provide further evidence of a link between mimicry and liking and extend previous research by showing that a certain level of mimicry even occurs when mimicry behavior is inconsistent with one’s goals or motivations.

HUBUNGAN GAYA BELAJAR SISWA TERHADAP ASPEK PENGETAHUAN SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN SISTEM KOMPUTER DI SMK IT RAHMATAN KARIMAH BENGKULU TENGAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Dian Saputra
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Auditory Learning ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to find out the relationship between learning style and students’ knowledge aspect on Computer System Subject at SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu, the type of research is quantitative and the subject of research is grade X in SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu. Data collection techniques using observation, Questionnaire and documentation. Data analysis techniques used were Descriptive Analysis, and inferential Statistical Analysis. The results of visual learning style post-test were 11 people with a mean of 76.36, an auditory learning style of 8 people at a mean of 62.14, a kinesthetic learning style of 3 people at a mean of 50.33, apart from that (r x y = 2.35) and the magnitude of r is reflected in the table (r table = 0.4132). Then rxy > r table ie = 2.35> 0.4132. In other words, Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. It has a significant relationship between the learning styles of students and students’ knowledge aspect on Computer System Subject of grade X TKJ in SMK IT Rahmatan Karimah of  Central Bengkulu

The Miracles and Cult of St Margaret of Scotland

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
SangDong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Queen Margaret (1070–93) has been the subject of much historical research. Previous studies of the queen and later saint have been undertaken from several different perspectives, including the biographical, institutional and hagiographical. In addition, some scholars have focused on her piety and later cult. Although a saint's miracles were one of the significant elements affecting the development of a cult, far less interest has been shown in the geopolitical importance of the miracles attributed to St Margaret and the relationship between the miracles and the saint's cult. The intention of this paper is to examine the miracles attributed to St Margaret and to identify their characteristics within the context of their contribution to, and influence in, the development of her cult.

The Priority of Democracy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Knight ◽  
James Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
Institutional Choice ◽  
Democratic Process ◽  
Strong Case ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Pragmatism and its consequences are central issues in American politics today, yet scholars rarely examine in detail the relationship between pragmatism and politics. This book systematically explores the subject and makes a strong case for adopting a pragmatist approach to democratic politics—and for giving priority to democracy in the process of selecting and reforming political institutions. What is the primary value of democracy? When should we make decisions democratically and when should we rely on markets? And when should we accept the decisions of unelected officials, such as judges or bureaucrats? This book explores how a commitment to pragmatism should affect our answers to such important questions. It concludes that democracy is a good way of determining how these kinds of decisions should be made—even if what the democratic process determines is that not all decisions should be made democratically. So, for example, the democratically elected U.S. Congress may legitimately remove monetary policy from democratic decision-making by putting it under the control of the Federal Reserve. This book argues that pragmatism offers an original and compelling justification of democracy in terms of the unique contributions democratic institutions can make to processes of institutional choice. This focus highlights the important role that democracy plays, not in achieving consensus or commonality, but rather in addressing conflicts. Indeed, the book suggest that democratic politics is perhaps best seen less as a way of reaching consensus or agreement than as a way of structuring the terms of persistent disagreement.

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