Genetic measurement theory of epistatic effects

This empirical study introduces population targeting and cut-off point targeting as a systematic approach to evaluating the performance of items in the English section of university entrance examinations. Using Rasch measurement theory, we found that the item difficulty and the types of items in a series of national university entrance examinations varied considerably over a 4-year period. However, there was progress towards improved test performance in terms of an increased number of items assessing different language skills and content areas as well as an increased number targeting test takers’ knowledge of English. This study also found that productive items rather than receptive items better targeted test takers’ overall knowledge of English. Moreover, productive items were more consistently located around the probable cut point for university admissions. The paper concludes with a detailed account of a number of probable factors that could influence item performance, such as the use of rating scales. 本論文では、ある国立大学における大学入試の英語の問題の変化を実証的に検証したものである。テスト項目の結果を検証するための体系的なアプローチとして、「母集団を対象としたアプローチ」および「足きり点を対象としたアプローチ」という方法を導入した。ラッシュ・モデリングを用いて分析した結果、過去４年間の間に、項目の困難度および項目の型について、様々な技能を測定していること、内容も多様であること、英語の知識を検証している項目が増えたこと、などの点で大きく変化していることがわかった。さらに、産出能力の方が受容能力を測定する項目よりも入学者決定の際の足きり点の周辺に収束する傾向が見られた。項目ごとの成績に影響を及ぼす可能性のある多様な要因について詳細な検討を行った。

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Multiplicative vs. arbitrary gene action in heterosis.

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/131.2.461 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 131 (2) ◽

pp. 461-469 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

F W Schnell ◽

C C Cockerham

Keyword(s):

Gene Action ◽

Extensive Literature ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Nonlinear Functions ◽

Epistatic Effects ◽

Genetic Significance ◽

The Mean ◽

The Difference ◽

Multiplicative Models ◽

Multiplicative Effects

Abstract In this article we investigate multiplicative effects between genes in relation to heterosis. The extensive literature on heterosis due to multiplicative effects between characters is reviewed, as is earlier work on the genetic description of heterosis. A two-locus diallelic model of arbitrary gene action is used to derive linear parameters for two multiplicative models. With multiplicative action between loci, epistatic effects are nonlinear functions of one-locus effects and the mean. With completely multiplicative action, the mean and additive effects form similar restrictions for all the rest of the effects. Extensions to more than two loci are indicated. The linear parameters of various models are then used to describe heterosis, which is taken as the difference between respective averages of a cross (F1) and its two parent populations (P). The difference (F2 - P) is also discussed. Two parts of heterosis are distinguished: part I arising from dominance, and part II due to additive x additive (a x a)-epistasis. Heterosis with multiplicative action between loci implies multiplicative accumulation of heterosis present at individual loci in part I, in addition to multiplicative (a x a)-interaction in part II. Heterosis with completely multiplicative action can only be negative (i.e., the F1 values must be less than the midparent), but the difference (F2 - P) can be positive under certain conditions. Heterosis without dominance can arise from multiplicative as well as any other nonadditive action between loci, as is exemplified by diminishing return interaction. The discussion enlarges the scope in various directions: the genetic significance of multiplicative models is considered.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Evaluating a University Entrepreneurial Programme in a Developing Country: Applying Rasch Measurement Theory to Attitude to Enterprise

Entrepreneurship Research Journal ◽

10.1515/erj-2017-0075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Esperanza Gil-Soto ◽

Juan R. Oreja-Rodriguez ◽

Francisco J. García-Rodríguez ◽

Inés Ruiz-Rosa

Keyword(s):

Developing Country ◽

Measurement Theory ◽

Educational Programme ◽

Rasch Measurement ◽

Rasch Measurement Theory ◽

Entrepreneurial Attitudes ◽

Attitudinal Factors ◽

Personal Attitudes ◽

The Impact ◽

University Setting

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of an educational programme developed in Senegal with university students and designed to encourage entrepreneurship by influencing personal attitudes toward enterprise. The instrument to measure the entrepreneurial potential of young people has been applied in different socio-demographic contexts in some previous empirical research. Improvements in students’ perception of attitudinal factors associated with leadership, creativity, achievement and intuition can be inferred from the results of the longitudinal analysis conducted. Moreover, a positive and significant relationship between students’ perceived behavioural control and their attitudes toward starting a business at the end of the entrepreneurial programme is confirmed. Rasch Measurement Theory is applied to analyse the validity of the measurements and findings suggest that the scale used seems to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring entrepreneurial attitude in a university setting. Results confirm that entrepreneurship programmes have the potential to improve the entrepreneurial attitudes of students in a developing country.

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