Structural and Biochemical Aspects of Cold Hardiness in Woody Plants

2000 ◽  
pp. 419-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Wisniewski ◽  
Rajeev Arora
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness

scholarly journals COLD HARDINESS OF CORNUS ALBA `ARGENTEO-MARGINATA' AND WEIGELA FLORIDA `RUMBA' UNDER DIFFERENT FALL FERTILIZER TREATMENTS

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 248f-249
Author(s):  
Isabelle Duchesne ◽  
Jacques-André Rioux ◽  
Michèle Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cornus Alba ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
High K ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Freezing Test ◽  
Weigela Florida ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Test Plants

Effects of fall fertilization programs on cold hardiness of young Cornus alba `Argenteo-marginata' and Weigela florida `Rumba' plants were examined. At the end of Summer 1992, four fertilization programs were applied to 1-year-old woody plants that were propagated in 1991 by cuttings. Fertilization treatments were as follows: 1) discontinuation of liquid fertilizer treatments on 30 Aug., 2) decreasing N concentration (100 to 0 mg·liter-1 of 20N–20P–20K) from 15 Aug. to 30 Sept., 3) constant N concentration (100 mg·liter-1 of 20N–20P–20K) from 15 Aug. to 30 Sept., and 4) high K concentration (110 mg·liter-1 of 7N–11P–27K) from 15 Aug. to 30 Sept. Whole plants were then removed from pots and roots were cleaned. Plants were then placed under freezing temperatures from 0 to –20C at 2C intervals, with plant samplings done three times during fall—at the end of September, October, and November. After the freezing test, plants were stored at –2C and repotted in May 1993 for winter injury evaluation. Preliminary results indicated that the four fertilization programs did not induce a significant effect on cold hardiness of the two species. However, it was clear that the degree of cold hardiness was different for each species: Weigela was ≈10 degrees less hardy compared to Cornus in September and October. In November, species demonstrated hardiness at temperatures less than –20C. Cornus also showed cold hardiness at less than –20C in October.

scholarly journals 335 Juvenility Influences Cold Acclimation Ability in Rhododendron Populations

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 500F-501
Author(s):  
Chon C. Lim ◽  
Rajeev Arora ◽  
Stephen L. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Woody Perennials ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Period Data ◽  
The Relationship

Winter survival in woody plants is controlled by environmental and genetic factors that affect the plant's ability to cold-acclimate. A juvenile period in woody perennials raises the possibility of differences in cold-acclimating ability between juvenile vs. mature (flowering) phases. This study investigated the yearly cold hardiness (CH) changes of rhododendron populations and examined the relationship between leaf freezing tolerance (LFT) and physiological aging. Naturally acclimated leaves (January) from individual plants (parents-R. catawbiense and R. fortunei, F1, F2, and backcross) and F1 population generated from R. catawbiense and R. dichroanthum cross were subjected to controlled freeze-thaw regimes. LFT was assessed by measuring freeze-thaw-induced ion leakage from leaf discs frozen over a range of treatment temperatures. Data were then plotted with a sigmoidal (Gompertz) curve by SAS, to estimate Tmax—the temperature causing maximum rate of injury. Tmax for the 30- to 40-year-old parental plants (catawbiense, fortunei, and dichroanthum) and the F1 `Ceylon' (catawbiense × fortunei) were estimated to be about -52, -32, -16, and -43 °C, respectively. These values were consistent over the 3-year evaluation period. Data indicated the F2 (50 seedlings) and backcross (20 seedlings) populations exhibited significant, yearly Tmax increment (of ≈5-6 °C) from 1996 to 1998 as they aged from 3 to 5 years old. A similar yearly increase was observed in the 12 F1 progenies (compared 2 to 3 years old) of catawbiense × dichroanthum cross. The feasibility of identifying hardy phenotypes at juvenile period and research implications of age-dependent changes in CH will be discussed.

scholarly journals 280 Botryosphaeria dothidea Causes Premature Breaking of Endodormancy and Reduces Cold Hardiness in Cercis canadensis

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 490E-490
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi ◽  
K.A. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Spore Suspension ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Artificial Freezing

Near-lethal abiotic stresses, e.g., low or high temperatures, chemicals, etc., can break endodormancy prematurely and reduce cold hardiness in woody plants. It is not well-ducumented whether biotic stresses can cause the same effect. Botryosphaeria dothidea causes canker in redbud (Cercis canadensis) and many other woody plants and is one of the most limiting factors growing redbud in the landscape. Two-year-old seedlings were planted in a nursery in May 1998 at The Morton Arboretum. Trees were inoculated (n = 10/treatment) with the fungus in Sept. 1998 using the stem slit method (a slit was cut about 5 cm above the base of the trunk and the wound was covered with parafilm after treatment). The treatments were T1 = control (PDA, Potato Dextrose Agar),T2 = 1-mm mycelium plug, T3 = low spore suspension (25 μL), T4 = high spore suspension (25 μL). Stem cold hardiness was evaluated by artificial freezing tests in Nov. 1998. The mean LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of the tissues is killed) from ion leakage were T1 (Control) = -29.3 °C, T2 (mycelium): -24.05 °C, T3 (low spore) = -18.75 °C, and T4 (high) = -16.4 °C. T3 and T4, the low- and high-spore inoculation, significantly reduced cold hardiness in redbud stem tissues. The LST (lowest survival temperature) based on visual observation of the samples after 7 days indicated all Botryosphaeria dothidea-treated plants had lower cold hardiness compared to control. Endodormancy was broken in B. dothidea-treated plants after placing plants under 16 h of light and 23 /18 °C day/night temperature for 1 month after the treatment. The highest percent budbrealk was for T4 (high spore), followed by T3 (Low Spore) and T2 (Mycelium).

Development of a cold hardiness model for deciduous woody plants

1994 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Anisko ◽  
Orville M. Lindstrom ◽  
Gerrit Hoogenboom
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness

scholarly journals Nursery Container Design for Improved Root Environments

1987 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-148
Author(s):  
Hendrik van de Werken
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Crop Loss ◽  
Freeze Damage ◽  
C 30 ◽  
The U.S

Of the $2 billion wholesale production of nursery plants grown in the U.S., about 50% are produced in containers. Freeze damage to the roots of container grown plants is the largest single cause of crop loss in the nursery industry. Differences in cold hardiness between roots and tops of woody plants can be as much as 16.7°C (30°F). A container designed for research on the utilization of soil heat to prevent low container temperatures eliminated freeze damage to the roots of otherwise hardy plants. The new container design also allows for improved drainage, rooting-out control and other advantages of concern to growers.

scholarly journals Seasonal Expression of a 700–800-Base Pair Transcript in Bark Tissues of Peach (Prunus persica)

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 514B-514
Author(s):  
Michael Wisniewski ◽  
Tim Artlip ◽  
Carole Bassett ◽  
Ann Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Genes Encoding

Cold acclimation in temperate, woody plants involves distinct changes in gene activity and protein expression. We have been identifying proteins and genes that are associated with seasonal changes in cold hardiness. Seasonal changes in a 60-kDa dehydrin and its corresponding transcript have been identified, as well as seasonal changes in 16- and 19-kDa storage proteins. Further screening of a cDNA library, constructed from cold-acclimated bark tissues collected in December, identified a 700–800-bp clone that was seasonally expressed in Northern blots. The transcript began to accumulate in October, reached a peak in November–December, and then began to decline. By April, the transcript was no longer present in bark tissues. The transcript size indicates that this gene my be related to either the 16- or 19-kDa storage proteins previously identified; however, an amino acid sequence of the protein for comparison has not yet been obtained. Interestingly, the transcript is also expressed during the early stages of peach fruit development. A similar pattern between seasonal expression and fruit development has been observed for a peach dehydrin transcript. Analysis of a partial sequence of the clone has indicated a similarity to genes encoding proteinase inhibitors and thionins (a class of biocidal proteins). More definitive characterization of the gene and identification of its corresponding protein are in progress.

scholarly journals Rapid Micropropagation of xChitalpa tashkentensis

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 629a-629
Author(s):  
Arthur M. Richwine ◽  
Robert D. Marquard
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Shoot Cultures ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Chilopsis Linearis

×Chitalpa tashkentensis (Chilopsis linearis × Catalpa bignonoides) is an attractive small tree producing lavender to white orchid like flowers. Micropropagation would allow for the rapid clonal propagation of new hybrids for testing cold hardiness and landscape performance. The rapid growth response of Chitalpa shoot cultures also makes it an excellent subject for the study of in vitro growth parameters of woody plants. Shoot cultures were initiated from shoot tips on Anderson's rhododendron medium with MS vitamins, 3% sucrose, 1 μm BA, pH 5.6 and solidified with 0.6% phytagar. Shoot cultures stabilized rapidly. Two-node microcuttings were placed on modified MS media (200.1 μm Na2 EDTA and 200.5 μm FeSO47H2O), MS vitamins, 3% sucrose, pH 5.6, 0.6% phytagar and supplemented with NAA (0 0.5, 1.5, or 3 μm) in combination with BA (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, or 40 μm). Cultures grown on media supplemented with 1 mm BA produced the longest shoots and the most nodes per shoot. Cultures grown on media supplemented with 10 μm BA produced the most shoots. Microshoots readily rooted on plant growth regulator free MS medium and were easily acclimated.

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