Ambivalence of the European Strategy in External Relations on Trade Agreements

2015 ◽  
pp. 233-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Bauby
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements ◽  
External Relations

scholarly journals Citizens and Transatlantic Free Trade Agreements: How to Reconcile American ‘Constitutional Nationalism’ with European ‘Multilevel Constitutionalism’?

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-391
Author(s):  
Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The European Union ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Eu Policies ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The free trade agreements (FTAs) of the European Union (EU) aim at protecting transnational public goods (PGs) – such as a rules-based, transatlantic market – that could be progressively extended to other European and North-American FTA members and serve as a model for reforming worldwide trade rules and governance institutions. International law and governance can protect PGs more effectively if citizens are empowered as ‘democratic principals’ to hold multilevel governance institutions legally, democratically and judicially accountable for governance failures. The Lisbon Treaty established a ‘cosmopolitan foreign policy constitution’ requiring ‘protection of its citizens’, ‘strict observance of international law’ and rights-based market regulations also in the EU’s external relations. This contribution criticizes EU policies of disempowering citizens in FTAs and undermining their fundamental rights. Without respect for rule of law, the EU cannot overcome its crises of legitimacy and the distrust of citizens vis-à-vis intergovernmental EU regulations.

scholarly journals Policy vs practice: The use, implementation and enforcement of human rights clauses in the European Union’s international trade agreements

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Carlijn Prickartz ◽  
Isabel Staudinger
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
International Trade Agreements ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Selective Character ◽  
The Eu

In the mid-1990s, the EU adopted a general policy of including human rights clauses in all of its international trade agreements. Through these human rights clauses, in addition to other tools such as Human Rights Dialogue and sanctions, the EU seeks to promote the protection of human rights in its external relations. There are, however, some issues arising regarding the content, use, implementation and activation of these clauses. Not only do human rights clauses in different agreements vary in wording and scope, but also the actual implementation and enforcement by the EU differ from case to case, raising questions as to the selective character and the consistency of the EU’s action and, consequently, as to the EU’s credibility as a normative international actor. The main deficiencies in this regard are the selective and at times inconsistent inclusion and activation of human rights clauses, as shown by an examination of the EU’s agreements and their implementation and enforcement in practice. This article examines human rights clauses in the EU’s international trade agreements and the implementation and enforcement thereof, in order to shed light on the promises and pitfalls of the EU’s human rights efforts.

Mega-Regional Trade Agreements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Griller ◽  
Walter Obwexer ◽  
Erich Vranes
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Regional Trade Agreements ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Regional Agreements ◽  
Problematic Experiences ◽  
Regional Projects ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the extent to which mega-regional agreements constitute new orientations for EU external relations. It focuses on CETA, TTIP, and TiSA, which are the most important instruments in the context of mega-regional initiatives from the viewpoint of the EU, placing them, however, in the broader context of other mega-regional initiatives such as TPP and the RCEP. This chapter explains the main motivations underlying the worldwide move to regional agreements in the course of the last ten to fifteen years and expounds the main functions of mega-regional agreements. Furthermore, it sketches out the principal (geo-)political implications of today’s prime mega-regional projects. Finally, this introductory chapter argues that the reorientation attempted with these initiatives calls for a re-evaluation in view of the problematic experiences made during the negotiations on CETA and TTIP, in particular.

scholarly journals Value promotion and europeanisation by EU trade agreements

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-94
Author(s):  
Balazs Horvathy
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Commercial Policy ◽  
The Third ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Common

Promoting values of the European Union has been on the EU’s external trade agenda since the 1990s. The Treaty of Lisbon established a general framework for values and principles, requiring the Union to pursue these concepts in the whole range of EU external relations, including the Common Commercial Policy (CCP). Therefore, the operation of CCP is governed not only by traderelated concepts such as progressive liberalisation, but it also reflects on non-trade concerns – e.g. protection of human rights, fair trade, or sustainable development – as well. This inclusive character of CCP is anchored also in the new external trade strategy of the European Union (‘Trade for all’), which stresses the importance of trade agreements concluded by EU in promotion of values towards third countries. The paper aims at addressing a conceptual and a procedural question related to this context: First, what kind of values of the European Union integrated in trade agreements can lead to the Europeanisation of domestic legal order of the third countries; and second, how these concepts can be implemented, i.e. how the process of Europeanisation is taking place using the example of the human rights promotion.

Green Trade Agreements

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements

GEOPHYSICS OF ENTANGLED STATES OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND QUANTUM TELEPORTATION OF SARS COV-2 IN THE PLANET'S BIOGEOSPHERE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Gavrilov ◽  
Tatyana Antipova ◽  
Yan Vlasov ◽  
Sergey Ardatov ◽  
Anastasia Ardatova
Keyword(s):  
Entangled States ◽  
Classical Communication ◽  
Special Services ◽  
External Relations ◽  
Useful Signal ◽  
Experimental Process ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Principle Of Complementarity

In their previous works , leading their history since 1988, the authors of this article have repeatedly conceptually shown and experimentally verified the results of research on the teleportation of information between macro objects. Early author's works were performed during the existence of the Russian Federation – as a country called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Some of which were marked "Top Secret" - links further down the text. Since they were performed under the supervision of the relevant special services and further "Department of external relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences". The authors used numerous examples to demonstrate the possibility of teleportation of information in macro-systems, including ecosystem, biogeocenotic levels, and then tissue and organism levels. Successful experimental verifications occurred only in cases when all the principles and rules laid down in the theory of quantum information, applied to biological objects, were correctly combined. Namely, the preparation of cascades of entangled States was performed both on the mental and somatic levels. In full accordance with the principle of complementarity and taking into account the fact that the observer and the observed are actively connected by the sum of similarities. In addition, the role of the classical communication channel in this process was performed by carrier electromagnetic fields modulated by a useful signal. This signal represented a cast of the simulated experimental process. An example of a real COVID-19 pandemic is the verification of author's works in nature on a biogeocenotic scale. And certainly with anthropogenic – so to speak-participation.

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