Sahelian Migrations Within Africa

This chapter will examine patterns and history of intra-African migration from the Sahel across national borders within Africa, beginning in the colonial period. During colonization, the French often recruited West African workers across borders who served in the army and provided security for French trading posts along the African coasts. At the time of decolonization, shopkeepers in marketplaces, as well as big merchants or gem traders from the Sahel were also entrepreneurs, occupying an intermediate position between native populations and national authorities in international trade networks. Over the decades, tougher controls at borders and intensified deportations despite regional agreements on the free movement of people, the outbreak of civil wars, or of political turmoil have all had a significant impact on population movements from the Sahel, and have also increased insecurity for Sahelian migrants.

The Trade Effects of Regional Agreements and Economic Integration Processes in Europe, South America, and North America

This article seeks to understand the effects of trade creation and diversion in regional agreements and integration processes in Europe, South America, and North America. Through a systemic literature review, and based on the economic theory of integration, it analyzes the impact of tariff barriers on trading volume through the world, as well as the impact of barriers removals in member and non-member countries that participate in these trade agreements. As hypothesis, it can be stated that the trade effects generated by economic integration processes vary depending on the endogenous conditions of the industries in member countries, in addition to the consolidation phase of the integration processes. For this purpose, a qualitative descriptive methodology, based on an analysis of literature, is used to determine the trade creation and deviation effects of agreements in Europe (European Union), South America (MERCOSUR and CAN), and North America (NAFTA).

WTO marginalisation will further fragment world trade

Significance The failure of the Doha Round led states to focus on regional agreements instead, weakening global standards, and latterly US action has compromised the WTO's dispute resolution system. Azevedo's successor faces a daunting task to reverse the sidelining of the WTO and to reinvigorate global trade liberalisation. Impacts Rising geopolitical tension will preclude the possibility of a new WTO trade deal to address state-aid concerns. Divergence from WTO rules will be incremental as long as major economies worry about jeopardising their COVID-19 recovery. The delay of the WTO Ministerial Conference from June 2020 to next year gives the new head a chance to shape the agenda.

The Dignity of Children Deprived of Liberty and Suspected of Committing Crimes

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: In this article the research objectives are the rights of children deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes in international and regional agreements as well as in Swedish legislations and intended to preserve the child’s dignity. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The method applied to study their dignity is, on one hand, in the context of international and regional agreements; on the other hand, in the context of Swedish legislations, which are relevant to these children. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The argument is whether in Sweden children under the age of 15 years deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes are treated in a manner consistent with promoting the child’s sense of dignity during the investigation of the crime. These children are of particular interest as they are more vulnerable than adults in the same situation; the spirit of dignity should therefore be more explicitly expressed for them. RESEARCH RESULTS: The research result confirms that dignity is fundamental for the rights of children as expressed in the studied international and regional agreements and, more specifically, in the CRC Articles 37 and 40. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Swedish legislations still need improvements to preserve the dignity of children, particularly regarding the rights of children under the age of 15 deprived of liberty and suspected of having committed crimes.

Introduction

There has been growing pressure on states to “solve” the phenomenon of irregular migration. Destination countries have transferred this pressure onto transit countries, which are assumed to have the political will, ability, and means to stop irregular migration. This special section looks at the ways in which transit countries respond to challenges, pressures, and compromises in matters of irregular migration policies through a number of empirical case studies. Making transit countries the main focus, this special section aims to scrutinize domestic policy discourses in the transit countries, which are influenced by regional agreements and economic incentives from abroad but are also shaped by local interests and a wide range of actors. Of special interest is to understand whether the logics of destination countries that favor deterrence and exclusion have been adopted by politicians and the public discourse within transit countries.

International Management of Fishery in the Black Sea: Yesterday, Present and Tomorrow

The paper provides geographic and biological information on fisheries in the Black Sea, describes the international legal regime of the Black sea. The norms of international regional agreements on fisheries in the Black sea are analyzed in detail. Special attention is paid to the European Union fishery regulations in the Black Sea. The role and activities of the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean in terms of the fisheries management in the Black Sea are analyzed in detail. The results of the High-Level Conference on the Joint Maritime Agenda for the Black Sea (May 2019, Bucharest) were reviewed. The recommendations for improving international legal fisheries management in this sea are made.

Diplomatic Protection upon Extradition within the System of International Law

Globalization scales up transnational threats, including crime, and raises the question about the principles and practice of interaction between states in the fight against crime. In this context, one of the most important issues is the extradition of foreign citizens and their diplomatic protection. Diplomatic protection emerged alongside sovereign states and their interests. However, the current development of the world community associated with globalization, a medley of peoples and global economic integration seriously changes the rules of diplomatic protection. In the past, these rules were quite simple: diplomatic bodies defended state interests, the interests of their citizens, economic and other entities within the framework of established legal norms. Today the concept of ‘friend-or-foe’ also changes due to the growing integration of states, peoples, companies and increasing migration. The authors of the article have analyzed multilateral, bilateral and regional agreements, as well as national laws on extradition, and have concluded that subjects of international law need to focus on the principle of reciprocity when deciding on extradition.