Strategies to Practice Climate-Smart Agriculture to Improve the Livelihoods Under the Rice-Wheat Cropping System in South Asia

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajan Bhatt ◽  
Ramanjit Kaur ◽  
Amlan Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Intervention of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices in Farmers Field to Increase Production and Productivity of Winter Maize in Terai Region of Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
J. J. Gairhe ◽  
M. Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Climate change has been the burning issue in agriculture sector. The research world is focused on developing appropriate technology, innovations and concept to cope up this change. The Climate Smart Agriculture [CSA] has been adapted globally for cultivation and crop management in changing context without compromising yield and productivity. The CSA involves wide range altered techniques and innovations like using resilient varieties, water management, zero tillage, legumes incorporation, cover cropping, site specific fertilizer management, variation in planting date etc. Grounding on the similar practices and principles of CSA, the research in maize was conducted in 2014 in farmers' field of Eastern Nepal. Three progressive farmers with 1 hector of land were selected and Maize was cultivated using Zero tillage seed cum fertilizer driller tractor. This field experiment considers farmers as replication with six different treatments. All treatments differ to each other based on nutrient management, water management, residue management, tillage practice, crop establishment, and inclusion of legumes in the cropping system. Six treatments are coded as follows: Current Irrigated (CI), Improved Irrigated Low (IIL), Improved Irrigated High (IIH), Climate Smart Agriculture-Low (CSA-L), Climate Smart Agriculture-Medium (CSA-M), and Climate Smart Agriculture-High (CSA-H). Significant impact of intervention was observed in yield and yield attributes in the trial with climate smart agriculture practices than in conventional practices of farmers. Plant density, ear number, filled grains per cob and grain yield was substantially higher in climate smart practices revealing CSA to be the appropriate technology to minimize potential loss of climate change.

The Rice-Wheat Cropping System of South Asia

2001 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Kataki ◽  
P. Hobbs ◽  
B. Adhikary
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Cropping System

scholarly journals Intervention of Climate Smart Technologies for Improving Water Productivity in an Enormous Water Use Rice-Wheat System of South-Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 27-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akbar Hossain ◽  
Rajan Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Land Leveling ◽  
Smart Technologies

I Intensively practices rice-wheat (R-W) cropping system (RWCS) in South-Asia is suffering from many sustainability issues such as micronutrient deficiencies, labour scarcity, production cost, declining land, declining groundwater level and water productivity along with declining soil health.  Climate change further complex the things in one or other way. Therefore, the intervention of climate smart technologies are urgent for improving water productivity in an enormous water use RWCS of South-Asia. Although, farmers are confused regarding picking of suitable climate smart technology (CST) viz., laser land leveling, un-puddled direct-seeded rice (UPDSR), soil matric potential based irrigation, double zero tillage in wheat followed by rice, raised bed planting, short duration cultivars and correct transplantation time, for enhancing their livelihoods through increasing land and water productivity on one side and mitigating global warming consequences on other. Performance of these technologies is both site and situation specific, and care must be taken in practicing them. Most of them cutting down the drainage losses, which further reduces recharging of soil profile which is not required in water stressed regions while these might be termed as energy-saving technologies; otherwise used to withdraw water from the deeper soil depths. These CST are also useful for waterlogged regions. However, CST viz. correct transplantation time and short duration cultivars partition higher fraction of ET water (evapotranspiration) from E (evaporation) to T (transpiration) component which further favour higher grain yields and thus, higher water productivity. Therefore, it is crucial for the introduction of CST for improving agricultural and water productivity in the era of climate change in an enormous water use RWCS of South-Asia.

scholarly journals Tillage Systems Affecting Rice-Wheat Cropping System

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1543-1562
Author(s):  
Rafi Qamar ◽  
Atique ur Rehman ◽  
Hafiz Muhammad Rashad Javeed ◽  
Abdul Rehman Abdul Rehman ◽  
Muhammad Ehsan Safdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
The Cost

Rice-wheat production is an essential component of cropping systems in the Indus-Ganga Plains (IGP) which play a pivotal role in food security of south Asia. These crops are being cultivated on an area of about 13.5 M ha of South Asia. In rice-wheat cropping system, the major reason for lower wheat grain yield is use of unwise tillage practices during wheat seedbed preparation, cultivation of late maturing rice varieties, water shortage, labor shortage, high cost of fertilizers and poor crop management practices. Resource-conserving technology improves the sustainability and productivity of wheat, which ultimately increase the farmer’s livelihood and reduce poverty. Tillage plays an important role in agricultural operation for soil manipulation to optimize the crop productivity. Different tillage systems are being practiced for wheat production in rice-wheat cropping systems including intensive tillage system, conventional and deep tillage, conservation tillage that consisting of minimum tillage, ridge tillage, and no-till or zero tillage system. Zero tillage gives more accessible and efficient planting system that ensures timely wheat cultivation, cut off the tillage operation, better crop residue management that ultimately minimize the cost of production and keeps environment clean. Operational costs for wheat sowing are 50-60% lower with zero tillage (ZT) sowing than with conventional sowing. The cost saving effect is the main reason for the spread of zero tillage technology in rice-wheat system. Current paper presented a review of different tillage systems and their effects on soil physical properties, plant available water, soil organic matter and nutrients, rice residues, wheat yield and farmer’s economics.

RELAY PLANTING OF WHEAT IN COTTON: AN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF WHEAT IN COTTON–WHEAT PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF SOUTH ASIA

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. BUTTAR ◽  
H. S. SIDHU ◽  
VICKY SINGH ◽  
M. L. JAT ◽  
R. GUPTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
The Self ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Spike Density ◽  
Conventional Practice ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

SUMMARYCotton–wheat (CW) is the second most important cropping system after rice–wheat in South Asia. Sowing of wheat after cotton is usually delayed due to late pickings coupled with time needed for seedbed preparation, resulting in low wheat yield. Lack of suitable machinery is a major constraint to direct drilling of wheat into the heavy cotton stubbles. An innovative approach with much promise is the ‘2-wheel tractor-based self-propelled relay seeder’ with seed-cum-fertilizer attachment. On-farm trials were conducted at four locations during 2009–2010 and at 10 locations during 2010–2011 to evaluate the following four wheat establishment methods in CW-dominated areas of south-western Punjab, India: (1) zero till seeding in standing cotton using a self-propelled relay seeder, (2) relay seeding in standing cotton with a manual drill without prior tillage (2010 only), (3) relay broadcast seeding in standing cotton following light manual tillage and (4) conventional sowing of wheat after cotton harvest (conventional tillage and sowing with a seed–fertilizer drill). Planting of wheat under conventional practice was delayed by 20–44 days compared with relay seeding. Seed cotton yield was also significantly higher with relay seeding due to opportunity for one additional picking. Yield of wheat sown with the self-propelled relay seeder was 41.2% and 11.8% higher than with conventional practice in 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 respectively. The increase in wheat yield under relay seeding of wheat was primarily due to higher spike density and more grains per spike. The net income from the CW system was 28.2% higher for the self-propelled relay seeder than with conventional sowing.

scholarly journals Agricultural Innovation and Sustainable Development: A Case Study of Rice–Wheat Cropping Systems in South Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1965
Author(s):  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Ahmad Nawaz ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
Kadambot H. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Transplanted Rice ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Rice Residues

The rice–wheat cropping system is the main food bowl in Asia, feeding billions across the globe. However, the productivity and long-term sustainability of this system are threatened by stagnant crop yields and greenhouse gas emissions from flooded rice production. The negative environmental consequences of excessive nitrogen fertilizer use are further exacerbating the situation, along with the high labor and water requirements of transplanted rice. Residue burning in rice has also severe environmental concerns. Under these circumstances, many farmers in South Asia have shifted from transplanted rice to direct-seeded rice and reported water and labor savings and reduced methane emissions. There is a need for opting the precision agriculture techniques for the sustainable management of nutrients. Allelopathic crops could be useful in the rotation for weed management, the major yield-reducing factor in direct-seeded rice. Legume incorporation might be a viable option for improving soil health. As governments in South Asia have imposed a strict ban on the burning of rice residues, the use of rice-specific harvesters might be a pragmatic option to manage rice residues with yield and premium advantage. However, the soil/climatic conditions and farmer socio-economic conditions must be considered while promoting these technologies in rice-wheat system in South Asia.

scholarly journals Scaling up climate-smart agriculture: lessons learned from South Asia and pathways for success

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neufeldt H ◽  
◽  
Negra C ◽  
Hancock J ◽  
Foster K ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Zero Tillage for Mitigating Global Warming Consequences and Improving Livelihoods in South Asia

2017 ◽  
pp. 126-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajan Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Smart Agriculture

Declining land and water productivity, rising global temperature, underground water availability, energy, labour availability, increasing cost of production, burning of crop residues and changing climatic conditions are major challenges faced by both scientists and farmers in South Asia. To address these challenges, different resource conservation technologies were promoted in the South Asia. Zero tillage was generally practiced in the region, which retains the previous crop residues on the soil surface while establishing main crop viz. wheat seeds directly drilled in standing anchored rice straw. Further such tillage systems required no pre-sowing irrigation which further improves the irrigation water productivity. The current chapter reviews the consequences of zero tillage on soil physical, chemical and biological properties, land and water productivity and in mitigating global warming potential in texturally divergent soils under different agro-climatic regions. Our review revealed that positive effects of zero tillage are visible only after 4-5 years up to which farmer might have to sacrifice some yields. Thus, there is need to recommend an integrated climate smart agriculture package/approach, which effectively solves weed pressure problems, helps in improving land and water productivity, mitigates global warming consequences and uplifts livelihoods in South Asia.

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