Control, Sensitivity and Identification of a Cardiovascular-Respiratory System Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-173
Author(s):  
Pio Gabrielle B. Calderon ◽  
Lean V. Palma ◽  
Franz Kappel ◽  
Aurelio A. de los Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
System Model

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhalers During In- and Exhalation Using a Model of the Human Respiratory System (xPULM™)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Pasteka ◽  
Joao Pedro Santos da Costa ◽  
Mathias Forjan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
System Model ◽  
Dry Powder Inhalers ◽  
Dry Powder ◽  
Pharmaceutical Aerosols ◽  
Airway Model

Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by five dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. The active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used as a model of the human respiratory system and to simulate a patient undergoing inhalation therapy. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that the upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and act as a filter for bigger particles (>3 µm). Furthermore, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung. The minimum deposition is reached for particle size of 0.5 µm. The mean particle number concentrations exhaled are 2.94% (BreezHaler®), 2.66% (Diskus®), 10.24% (Ellipta®) 2.13% (HandiHaler®) and 6.22% (Turbohaler®). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract in terms of applicable deposition mechanisms. The model can support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provide an alternative to experiments with human subjects.

The Technology of Ventilator Airflow Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 385-386 ◽  
pp. 484-487
Author(s):  
Yue Yang Yuan ◽  
Chong Chang Yang ◽  
Zhi Xin Cao
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
System Model ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Mechanical Ventilator ◽  
Ventilation Control ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
Working Principle

Aiming at improving and optimizing the ventilators performance and by reviewing the whole procession for design and research of a modern medical mechanical ventilator, many things about its ventilation control are taken into being considered toward the perspective of machine system in this paper. They are included those building the respiratory system model, getting its parameters and the technique of ventilation control, etc. Their essential mechanism, related key technologies and the working principle of each sub-system are described in detail. And a control-experimentation for realizing the ventilation in a test plat is also given out. And a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) control mode realized in this experiment shown the technologies of airflow control are considered well in our design.

scholarly journals Experimental Evaluation of Dry Powder Inhalers During In- and Exhalation Using a Model of the Human Respiratory System (xPULM™)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Pasteka ◽  
Lara Schöllbauer ◽  
Joao Pedro Santos da Costa ◽  
Radim Kolar ◽  
Mathias Forjan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Particle Number ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
System Model ◽  
Dry Powder Inhalers ◽  
Dry Powder ◽  
Pharmaceutical Aerosols ◽  
Airway Model

Dry powder inhalers are used by a large number of patients worldwide to treat respiratory diseases. The objective of this work is to experimentally investigate changes in aerosol particle diameter and particle number concentration of pharmaceutical aerosols generated by five dry powder inhalers under realistic inhalation and exhalation conditions. The active respiratory system model (xPULM™) was used as a model of the human respiratory system and to simulate a patient undergoing inhalation therapy. A mechanical upper airway model was developed, manufactured and introduced as a part of the xPULM™ to represent the human upper respiratory tract with high fidelity. Integration of optical aerosol spectrometry technique into the setup allowed for evaluation of pharmaceutical aerosols. The results show that the upper airway model increases the resistance of the overall system and act as a filter for bigger particles (>3 µm). Furthermore, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean particle diameter between inhaled and exhaled particles with the majority of the particles depositing in the lung. The minimum deposition is reached for particle size of 0.5 µm. The mean particle number concentrations exhaled are 2.94% (BreezHaler®), 2.66% (Diskus®), 10.24% (Ellipta®) 2.13% (HandiHaler®) and 6.22% (Turbohaler®). In conclusion, the xPULM™ active respiratory system model is a viable option for studying interactions of pharmaceutical aerosols and the respiratory tract in terms of applicable deposition mechanisms. The model can support the reduction of animal experimentation in aerosol research and provide an alternative to experiments with human subjects.

Quantifying the Effect of Pressure Oscillations on the Respiratory System: An Engineering Approach

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Reddy ◽  
A. M. Al-Jumaily
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory System ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Human Lung ◽  
Pressure Oscillation ◽  
System Model ◽  
Pressure Oscillations ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Type Device ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Support Devices

The use of respiratory support devices using pressure oscillations has been shown to improve alveolar recruitment in animals and provide clinical benefits over traditional ventilators to infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). The interactions and mechanisms of human lungs with such "bubble oscillation" (BO) devices is unknown. A simple mathematical model of the respiratory system and a BO type device is developed to explore the use of a new assessment parameter to study the effect of the pressure oscillations on lung performance. A mean square spectral density (MSSD) approach is employed in an attempt to observe the contribution of each pressure oscillation frequency on the work rate of unhealthy lungs. Further improvements to the respiratory system model are suggested for more detailed studies into human lung interactions with BO type devices.

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