Heterogeneity of lignin concentration in cell corner middle lamella of white birch and black spruce

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Tirumalai ◽  
U. P. Agarwal ◽  
J. R. Obst
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Cell Corner

Heterogeneity of lignin concentration in cell corner middle lamella

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A.I. Goring
Keyword(s):  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Cell Corner

The phenolic hydroxyl content of lignin in spruce wood

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (23) ◽  
pp. 2411-2414 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-M. Yang ◽  
D. A-I. Goring
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Phenolic Hydroxyl ◽  
Hydroxyl Content ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Cell Corner ◽  
Ultraviolet Microscopy

Values of the phenolic hydroxyl content of the lignin in the secondary wall and cell corner middle lamella of the tracheids in black spruce wood were found by ultraviolet microscopy to be 0.12 and 0.06 PhOH/C9 respectively. The overall value for the lignin in black spruce wood was 0.10 PhOH/C9.

Portrait préindustriel dans un contexte de grande variabilité naturelle: une étude de cas dans le centre du Québec (Canada)

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (05) ◽  
pp. 612-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Alvarez ◽  
Louis Bélanger ◽  
Louis Archambault ◽  
Frédéric Raulier
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Forest ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Industrial Landscape ◽  
Industrial Forest ◽  
Landscape Scales

Pre-industrial forest cover portrait is a recognized method for establishing the bases of sustainable forest management. However, it is a spatially and temporally dependant concept that should be used with caution in presence of big fires. The objective of the study was to portray the pre-industrial landscape in a mixedwood temperate forest in central Quebec at different spatial scales. The study was based on archival records from a forest company. The pre-industrial forest cover landscape of our study area was mainly composed of mature or old-growth (>100 years) stands and dominated by mixedwood forest stands with intolerant hardwoods. The main tree species were white birch, black spruce and jack pine, three species associated to forest succession after fire in the boreal forest. Considering the great variability caused by the fires and partial knowledge of this variability, for each spatial scale considered, we propose some management targets based on the main pre-industrial characteristics of this forest. To respect the pre-industrial variability, our study suggested that silviculture should be adapted at different landscape scales. Cover types and age class targets should be based on main preindustrial characteristics at each landscape scale analyzed.

Lignin Distribution in Coppice Poplar, Linseed and Wheat Straw

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Donaldson ◽  
Jamie Hague ◽  
Rebecca Snell
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Summary Lignin distribution was determined by interference microscopy, and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for a range of agricultural residues including coppice poplar, linseed, and wheat straw. Interference microscopy was used to determine the lignin concentration in the middle lamella at the cell corner, and for the secondary wall of libriform fibres in the secondary xylem of poplar and linseed. Wheat was examined in the same way for cortical fibres. In addition the secondary wall of vessel elements was examined for poplar. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm the results from interference microscopy by providing semiquantitative information based on lignin autofluorescence, and by staining with acriflavine. Wheat had the lowest level of lignification, with 31 % lignin in the middle lamella of cortical fibres and 9% lignin in the secondary wall. Poplar had a lignin concentration of 63% in the middle lamella and 6% in the secondary wall of libriform fibres, while linseed had corresponding values of 69 % and 13 %. The secondary wall of poplar vessel elements had a lignin concentration of 25 %. In all three species most of the stem tissue was lignified except for phloem and bark, where present. In linseed the pith was unlignified. In wheat, most of the parenchyma cells were lignified except for a few cells lining the stem cavity. Libriform fibres in poplar and linseed sometimes had an unlignified gelatinous layer in samples containing tension wood. In linseed, lignification was greater in xylem fibres compared to bast fibres. Ray parenchyma cells of poplar and linseed appeared to be lignified to the same extent as xylem fibres.

Relative Reactivities of Middle Lamella and Secondary Wall Lignin of Black Spruce Wood

Holzforschung ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 303-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Whiting ◽  
D.A.I. Goring
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Spruce Wood

Geography and Bathymetry of Selected Lake Basins, Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Brunskill ◽  
D. W. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Lake Agassiz ◽  
Preliminary Calculation ◽  
Experimental Lakes Area ◽  
Glacial Ice ◽  
Winnipeg River ◽  
Sand And Gravel ◽  
Lake Basins

The Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) is located at 93°30′–94°00′W and 49°30′–49°45′N at an altitude of 360–380 m above mean sea level. This area is underlain by Precambrian acid granites overlain in some areas by thin glacial drift composed largely of sand and gravel of quartz, plagioclase, and K-feldspar. The area was under glacial ice about 14,000 years B.P. (before present). With the melting of this glacial ice, ELA was situated on the eastern margin of glacial Lake Agassiz. As Lake Agassiz levels receded, the present lake basins were formed. The ELA watersheds now drain into the Winnipeg River, which is in the Hudson Bay drainage system.Mean annual temperatures in the vicinity of ELA are between 0.5 and 2.2 C, and annual precipitation is between 500 and 750 mm. Brunisols were observed over sand deposits in the ELA, but considerable variation in soil types and soil depth were also found. ELA is in a boreal (fire-controlled) subclimax forest of jack pine, black spruce, trembling aspen, and white birch. Aquatic macrophytes were scarce in the littoral zone of ELA lakes. Nearby logging operations and hunting and sport fishing have not influenced the immediate watersheds of ELA lakes.Morphometric maps and measurements are given for 16 lakes in ELA. These lakes vary from 2.5 to 33 m in maximum depth, and from 1.7 to 56 ha in lake surface area. Using estimates of precipitation, evaporation, evapotranspiration, drainage areas, and lake morphometry, a preliminary calculation of theoretical water renewal time is given for these lakes. These values range from 2.6 to 38 years.

Heterogeneity of lignin concentration in cell corner middle lamellae appeared in Wood Science and Technology 30 (1996) 99?104

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
V.C. Tirumalai ◽  
U.P. Agarwal ◽  
J.R. Obst
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Cell Corner ◽  
Wood Science

Comparing Mechanical Properties of Secondary Wall and Cell Corner Middle Lamella in Spruce Wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Wimmer ◽  
Barry N. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Cell Corner

Mechanical characterizations of the S2 layers and the cell corner middle lamella in the axial direction were investigated in spruce wood, A mechanical properties microprobe capable of measuring hardness and Young's modulus on a spatially resolved basis similar to that of an electron beam microprobe was used. Hardness of the cell comer middle lamella was found to be almost as high as that of the secondary wall, but the Young's modulus of the cell corner middle lamella was 50% less than that of the S2' The S2 showed constant hardness over its range of Young's modulus, but the cell corner middle lamella exhibited a strong correlation (R2 = 0.55) between hardness and the Young's modulus. Further investigations are needed to directly combine chemical and micromechanical properties and also to investigate the mechanical effects of the high variability of cell corner middle lamella chemistry.

How long do trees take to reach breast height after fire in northeastern Ontario?

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1889-1892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stan Vasiliauskas ◽  
Han YH Chen
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Trembling Aspen ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Fire Origin

Accurate determination of stand establishment ages is important in developing growth and yield models and in studying stand dynamics of fire-origin stands. The study objective was to determine time to reach breast height for black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), and white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) from fire origin stands under different site conditions in northeastern Ontario. Stands were randomly selected from burns with known fire dates. In each stand, three to six dominant and codominant trees of a selected species were cored at breast height (1.3 m above the ground level) to determine time to reach breast height. Trembling aspen and white birch did not differ for time to reach breast height after fire, taking 6 or 7 years, jack pine took marginally longer (8 years), whereas black spruce took the longest (18 years). While time to reach breast height did not vary among site conditions as described by soil texture and moisture regime, it was positively related to time since fire. The results of this study indicate that stand establishment dates and total tree ages can be substantially underestimated if breast height age is used as the stand age, resulting in misinterpretations of growth and yield and forest succession.

Glyphosate efficacy on eastern Canadian forest weeds. Part II: deposit–response relationships and crop tolerance

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1160-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Pitt ◽  
R. A. Fleming ◽  
D. G. Thompson ◽  
E. G. Kettela
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Crown Area ◽  
Crop Tolerance ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Four Blocks

First-season herbicide efficacy and crop tolerance results are presented for a range of glyphosate (VISION®) rates (0–1.00 kg acid equivalent per hectare) aerially applied with two different dispersal systems (AU5000 Micronairs® and conventional hydraulic nozzles). Derivative-free nonlinear regression was used to model post-treatment raspberry cover (Rubusidaeus L. var. strigosus (Michx.) Maxim.) as an exponentially decreasing function of chemical deposit (R2 = 0.87). Similar methods were used to model post-treatment crown area as a function of chemical deposit and pretreatment crown area for pin cherry (Prunuspensylvanica L.f.) (R2 = 0.92), red maple (Acerrubrum L.) (R2 = 0.79), white birch (Betulapapyrifera Marsh.) (R2 = 0.93), elderberry (Sambucuspubens Michx.) (R2 = 0.85), and aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) (R2 = 0.96). Acceptable first-season control (>60% cover reduction) of raspberry, pin cherry, elderberry, and aspen was achieved with rates of deposit ≥0.50 kg acid equivalent per hectare. Red maple and white birch crown area reduction averaged 60% at the highest rate tested (1 kg acid equivalent per hectare). Significant differences in efficacy attributable to the different dispersal systems were found only for pin cherry: the Micronair system resulted in 30% greater efficacy on one of the four blocks tested (P < 0.0001). On this particular block, characterized by unstable weather conditions during treatment, both systems produced significantly greater efficacy than observed on the other blocks for all species studied except aspen (P < 0.01). No significant differences were detected in black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) health patterns in areas treated with the two different application systems (P = 0.780). Crop trees in untreated areas declined in health relative to trees in treated areas (P < 0.001).

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