Heterogeneity of lignin concentration in cell corner middle lamella

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A.I. Goring
Keyword(s):  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Cell Corner

Heterogeneity of lignin concentration in cell corner middle lamella of white birch and black spruce

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Tirumalai ◽  
U. P. Agarwal ◽  
J. R. Obst
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Cell Corner

Lignin Distribution in Coppice Poplar, Linseed and Wheat Straw

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Donaldson ◽  
Jamie Hague ◽  
Rebecca Snell
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Summary Lignin distribution was determined by interference microscopy, and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for a range of agricultural residues including coppice poplar, linseed, and wheat straw. Interference microscopy was used to determine the lignin concentration in the middle lamella at the cell corner, and for the secondary wall of libriform fibres in the secondary xylem of poplar and linseed. Wheat was examined in the same way for cortical fibres. In addition the secondary wall of vessel elements was examined for poplar. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm the results from interference microscopy by providing semiquantitative information based on lignin autofluorescence, and by staining with acriflavine. Wheat had the lowest level of lignification, with 31 % lignin in the middle lamella of cortical fibres and 9% lignin in the secondary wall. Poplar had a lignin concentration of 63% in the middle lamella and 6% in the secondary wall of libriform fibres, while linseed had corresponding values of 69 % and 13 %. The secondary wall of poplar vessel elements had a lignin concentration of 25 %. In all three species most of the stem tissue was lignified except for phloem and bark, where present. In linseed the pith was unlignified. In wheat, most of the parenchyma cells were lignified except for a few cells lining the stem cavity. Libriform fibres in poplar and linseed sometimes had an unlignified gelatinous layer in samples containing tension wood. In linseed, lignification was greater in xylem fibres compared to bast fibres. Ray parenchyma cells of poplar and linseed appeared to be lignified to the same extent as xylem fibres.

Heterogeneity of lignin concentration in cell corner middle lamellae appeared in Wood Science and Technology 30 (1996) 99?104

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
V.C. Tirumalai ◽  
U.P. Agarwal ◽  
J.R. Obst
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Cell Corner ◽  
Wood Science

Comparing Mechanical Properties of Secondary Wall and Cell Corner Middle Lamella in Spruce Wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Wimmer ◽  
Barry N. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Cell Corner

Mechanical characterizations of the S2 layers and the cell corner middle lamella in the axial direction were investigated in spruce wood, A mechanical properties microprobe capable of measuring hardness and Young's modulus on a spatially resolved basis similar to that of an electron beam microprobe was used. Hardness of the cell comer middle lamella was found to be almost as high as that of the secondary wall, but the Young's modulus of the cell corner middle lamella was 50% less than that of the S2' The S2 showed constant hardness over its range of Young's modulus, but the cell corner middle lamella exhibited a strong correlation (R2 = 0.55) between hardness and the Young's modulus. Further investigations are needed to directly combine chemical and micromechanical properties and also to investigate the mechanical effects of the high variability of cell corner middle lamella chemistry.

Cellular distribution of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Chamaecyparis obtusa as revealed by Raman microscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohei Morikawa ◽  
Arata Yoshinaga ◽  
Hiroshi Kamitakahara ◽  
Munehisa Wada ◽  
Keiji Takabe
Keyword(s):  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Bulk Polymerization ◽  
Raman Microscopy ◽  
Cellular Distribution ◽  
Layer Formation ◽  
Japanese Cypress ◽  
Cell Corner ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract Cellular distribution of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) was analyzed by Raman microscopy. Small blocks were collected from differentiating xylem, frozen, cut on their surface with a sliding microtome, and then freeze-dried. Scanning electron microscopy showed numerous needle-like deposits in the tracheid lumina from the beginning of the S1 layer formation to the S2 layer-forming stage. The Raman spectrum of the deposits in the tracheid lumen was similar to that of coniferin. The presence of coniferin in a water extract from differentiating xylem was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy and 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Differential Raman spectra taken from samples before and after washing with water and dehydration in an ethanol showed that developing secondary walls contained coniferin during the S2 layer-forming stage and also after S3 layer formation. In contrast, coniferin was detected in the cell corner middle lamella during the S2 layer-forming stage, and the differential spectra were different from that of coniferin after S3 layer formation. The differential spectrum in this stage was similar to that of a dehydrogenation polymer of coniferyl alcohol prepared by the “zulauf” method (bulk polymerization). These results suggest that free lignin oligomers of the type bulk polymerizate might exist in the cell corner middle lamella during the S3 layer-forming stage and can be removed from specimens during washing and dehydration. The results can be interpreted in a way that no such oligomer exists in the secondary wall during the same stage owing to endwise addition of monolignols (in analogy to a “zutropf” polymerization).

The Massaria disease of plane trees:its wood decay mechanism

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Schmitt ◽  
Benjamin Lüer ◽  
Dirk Dujesiefken ◽  
Gerald Koch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Parenchyma Cell ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Corner ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Decay Pattern

Branches of Platanus × hispanica with distinct symptoms of the Massaria disease were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy and cellular UVmicrospectrophotometry. The samples collected in the city of Mannheim, Germany, were infected in vivo with the fungus Splanchnonema platani and showed various degrees of wood decay. The investigations were focused on the decay pattern of cell walls in the different cells, i.e., fibres, vessels as well as ray and axial parenchyma cells. The following results were obtained. Hyphae of the ascomycete fungus Splanchnonema platani penetrated from cell to cell through the pits and not through the cell wall middle lamella, by the formation of thin perforation hyphae. During this process, the 1–5 μm thick hyphae became narrower without attacking the wall around the pit canal. After penetration through a pit, the hyphae again enlarged to their original diameter. This is true for all pit pairs connecting the various cell types. Late decay stages did not show a decay of cell corner regions and middle lamellae of fibres as well as vessel and parenchyma cell walls. Phenolic deposits in parenchyma cells were still present in severely attacked xylem tissue. These features point to a low lignolytic capacity of the fungus. The frequently found microscopic decay pattern with the formation of oval or spherical cavities in the S2 layer of the secondary wall with an often structurally intact S3 layer is a characteristic of softrot decay. This classification is also supported by the remaining cell corner and middle lamella regions in advanced decay stages. As a consequence of this decay type, branches fracture in a brittle mode.

The phenolic hydroxyl content of lignin in spruce wood

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (23) ◽  
pp. 2411-2414 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-M. Yang ◽  
D. A-I. Goring
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Phenolic Hydroxyl ◽  
Hydroxyl Content ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Cell Corner ◽  
Ultraviolet Microscopy

Values of the phenolic hydroxyl content of the lignin in the secondary wall and cell corner middle lamella of the tracheids in black spruce wood were found by ultraviolet microscopy to be 0.12 and 0.06 PhOH/C9 respectively. The overall value for the lignin in black spruce wood was 0.10 PhOH/C9.

Ultrastructure of Terminalia Wood from an Ancient Polynesian Canoe

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Donaldson ◽  
A. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

A sample of Terminalia wood recovered from an ancient Polynesian canoe thought to be approximately 1000 years old, was examined by light and electron microscopy to determine the extent and pattern of degradation. A chemical analysis was also carried out. The secondary walls of fibres, vessels and parenchyma cells were extensively degraded but the compound middle lamella remained relatively intact. Vestures in intervascular pits were preserved, presumably by virtue of their high lignin concentration. Plasmodesmata were also preserved by infiltration with extractives thought to be tannins.

Distribution of Lignin, Hemicellulose, and Arabinogalactan Protein in Hemp Phloem Fibers

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shingo Kiyoto ◽  
Arata Yoshinaga ◽  
Eva Fernandez-Tendero ◽  
Arnaud Day ◽  
Brigitte Chabbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Multilayered Structure ◽  
Arabinogalactan Protein ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Hemp Fibers ◽  
Phloem Fibers ◽  
Immunofluorescence Labeling

AbstractThe distribution of lignin, 8-5′ and 8-8′ linked lignin substructure, and noncellulosic polysaccharides in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) phloem fibers were explored based on histochemical and immunological methods. Ultraviolet absorption and potassium permanganate staining were observed mainly in the compound middle lamella (CML) and S1 layers, and rarely in the G-layer of phloem fibers, suggesting that lignin concentration is high at the CML and S1 layers, and very low at the G-layer of hemp fibers. Acriflavine staining, uniform KM1 labeling (8-5′ linked lignin substructure), and no KM2 labeling (8-8′ linked structure) were observed in the G-layer, suggesting that there is a small amount of lignin-like compound with 8-5′ linked structure in the G-layer. In addition, some fiber cells showed a multilayered structure. Uniform arabinogalactan protein (AGP) labeling was observed on the S1 layers and G-layers using JIM14, but little appeared in the CML of hemp fibers, indicating that these layers of the phloem fibers contain AGP. Immunogold labeling of xylan (LM11) and glucomannan (LM21) showed that xylan and glucomannan were mainly present in the S1 layers and the G-layers, respectively. In some phloem fibers, LM21 immunofluorescence labeling showed multilayered structure, suggesting the heterogeneous distribution of glucomannan.

Lignin chemistry and topochemistry during kraft delignification of Eucalyptus globulus genotypes with contrasting pulpwood characteristics

Holzforschung ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Graciela Aguayo ◽  
André Ferraz ◽  
Juan Pedro Elissetche ◽  
Fernando Masarin ◽  
Regis Teixeira Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Short Fibre ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Cell Corner

Abstract Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is a short-fibre resource for pulp and paper production. Ten different E. globulus genotypes with varied pulpwood quality and chemical composition were evaluated under kraft pulping conditions. Characterisation of the wood and pulp samples by thioacidolysis indicated that the content of syringyl units in β-O-4 linkages (S-β-O-4) was distinct for the studied genotypes. The highest S-β-O-4 levels were detected in the samples with the lowest original lignin and highest glucan levels. This group of samples provided the pulps with the lowest final lignin content at higher yields. UV microspectrophotometric (UMSP) evaluation of the wood chips revealed that the samples with the lowest lignin levels have the lowest UV absorbances at 278 nm (A278 nm) in the secondary walls (S2). During kraft pulping, lignin from the S2 was dissolved, whereas lignins from the middle lamella and cell corner lignin was not removed not even for prolonged reaction periods, independently of the evaluated genotype. The A278 nm values of the S2 were significantly lower in the pulps from the genotypes with less original lignin content.

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