Comparison of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA from five morphologically distinct Beta vulgaris cultivars: sugar beet, fodder beet, beet root, foliage beet, and Swiss chard

1990 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ecke ◽  
G. Michaelis
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Swiss Chard

scholarly journals Betacyanins and Betaxanthins in Cultivated Varieties of Beta vulgaris L. Compared to Weed Beets

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5395
Author(s):  
Milan Skalicky ◽  
Jan Kubes ◽  
Hajihashemi Shokoofeh ◽  
Md. Tahjib-Ul-Arif ◽  
Pavla Vachova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Stability Tests ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
Wild Beet ◽  
Red Coloration

There are 11 different varieties of Beta vulgaris L. that are used in the food industry, including sugar beets, beetroots, Swiss chard, and fodder beets. The typical red coloration of their tissues is caused by the indole-derived glycosides known as betalains that were analyzed in hypocotyl extracts by UV/Vis spectrophotometry to determine the content of betacyanins (betanin) and of betaxanthins (vulgaxanthin I) as constituents of the total betalain content. Fields of beet crops use to be also infested by wild beets, hybrids related to B. vulgaris subsp. maritima or B. macrocarpa Guss., which significantly decrease the quality and quantity of sugar beet yield; additionally, these plants produce betalains at an early stage. All tested B. vulgaris varieties could be distinguished from weed beets according to betacyanins, betaxanthins or total betalain content. The highest values of betacyanins were found in beetroots ‘Monorubra’ (9.69 mg/100 mL) and ‘Libero’ (8.42 mg/100 mL). Other beet varieties contained less betacyanins: Sugar beet ‘Labonita’ 0.11 mg/100 mL; Swiss chard ‘Lucullus,’ 0.09 mg/100 mL; fodder beet ‘Monro’ 0.15 mg/100 mL. In contrast with weed beets and beetroots, these varieties have a ratio of betacyanins to betaxanthins under 1.0, but the betaxanthin content was higher in beetcrops than in wild beet and can be used as an alternative to non-red varieties. Stability tests of selected varieties showed that storage at 22 °C for 6 h, or at 7 °C for 24 h, did not significantly reduce the betalain content in the samples.

Molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA of different subtypes of male-sterile cytoplasms of the sugar beet Beta vulgaris L.

1991 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Weihe ◽  
N. A. Dudareva ◽  
S. G. Veprev ◽  
S. I. Maletsky ◽  
R. Melzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Male Sterile

Analysis of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy of fertile and male-sterile sugar beet plants (Beta vulgaris)

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Bragin ◽  
M. K. Ivanov ◽  
L. A. Fedoseeva ◽  
G. M. Dymshits
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Heteroplasmy

scholarly journals Genetic Distance and Diversity in Table Beet and Sugar Beet Accessions Measured by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 630-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Wang ◽  
Irwin L. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
The University ◽  
Standard Table

Genetic relationships among 37 accessions of Beta vulgaris, including 21 table beet, 14 sugar beet, and two Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. cicla) accessions, were evaluated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genetic distance was estimated based on the presence or absence of polymorphic RAPD bands. Multidimensional scaling plots of genetic distance values revealed that table beet inbred lines from the University of Wisconsin Table beet Breeding Program clustered in an intermediate position between sugar beet breeding lines and standard table beet germplasm, likely because of their origin from an introgression program designed to incorporate sugar beet genes.

scholarly journals Evolution of Root Morphology in Table Beet: Historical and Iconographic

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irwin L. Goldman ◽  
Jules Janick
Keyword(s):  
Matter Content ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Beta Maritima ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Recent Origin

The Beta vulgaris complex includes sugar beet, mangel wurzel, Swiss chard, fodder beet, and table beet. Mangel wurzel and fodder beet are considered to be the same general crop type, with the former possessing lower dry matter content (<13%) than the latter. Mangel is likely derived from crosses between table beet and chard, while fodder beet may have a more recent origin, arising from crosses between mangel and sugarbeet. The table beet was derived from the wild sea beet, B. vulgaris (L.) subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang, with small non-spherical roots. Table beet is presently a popular vegetable cultivated for its pigmented roots, typically red but also yellow and other colors. Wild forms were consumed in antiquity mainly for their leaves with roots used medicinally. Beet is referred to in the Septuagint, a Greek translation of the first five books of the Hebrew bible, made in Ptolomeic Egypt in the third century BCE. A beet identified as Beta maritima is included in De Material Medicus of Pedanius Dioscorides written in the first century CE, and the first illustrated version of 512, known as the Juliana Anicia Codex, includes an image with non-spherical root. Beet is mentioned in several tractates of the Talmud, a sixth century collection of history and civil law written in Babylonia. Beta maritima possesses supernumerary root cambia, which facilitated selection of swollen rooted forms. The first colored illustration of swollen rooted table beet, B. vulgaris, can be found in the 1515–1517 frescos of Raphael Sanzio and Giovanni Martina da Udine in the Villa Farnesina in Rome. Swollen roots in Roman beet are illustrated and described in the 1587 French herbal Historia Generalis Plantarum of Jacques Dalechamps. Conically shaped beet roots are found in the market painting of Franz Snijders in the 17th century. Various spherical forms of beet root are found in the work of American painter James Peale in 1826. A complete array of beet root types is found in the Benary catalog of 1876. Modern, spherical beet roots were depicted in 1936 by the Russian painter Zinaida Serebriankov, 1936. Artistic and historical representations of table beet suggest that swollen rooted forms have existed during the past five centuries, but conically shaped roots were gradually replaced by spherically shaped roots during this period.

scholarly journals First report of Pythium ultimum causing damping-off of Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris. L) in Montana, USA

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Fizal Khan ◽  
Md. Ehsanul Haque ◽  
Peter Hakk ◽  
Md. Ziaur Rahman Bhuyian ◽  
Yangxi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
First Report ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Seed Rot ◽  
Sugar Beet Root

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is a globally important crop for sugar. In May 2019, sugar beet seedlings were observed with wilting, lodging and a few were dead in Glendive (46.970170, -104.838204), Montana. Symptoms appeared near the soil line as the stem (hypocotyl) turned dark brown to black with characteristic thread-like infections which resembled Pythium damping-off. It affected approximately 10% of the growing seedlings. Diseased sugar beet root tissues were excised with a sterile scalpel and small pieces (10 mm²) were surface sterilized with 70 % ethanol for 30 seconds, rinsed twice with autoclaved water, air-dried and transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) media amended with pimaricin-vancomycin-PCNB (Conway, 1985). Four plates were incubated at 25° C in the dark (Masago et al., 1977) and two weeks later white, dense colony was observed (Zhang et al., 2018). The terminal smooth, globose oogonia (average 18.5 µm in diameter) and antheridia (average 14.5 × 9.5 µm) extended below the oogonium were observed via VWR N. A. 0.30 microscope. The morphological features of the four isolates were consistent with Pythium ultimum Trow (Watanabe, 2002). Genomic DNAs (NORGEN BIOTEK CORP, Fungi DNA Isolation Kit #26200) of four isolates were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the ITS6-ITS7 primers (Taheri et al., 2017). Subsequently, PCR products were flushed by E.Z.N.A ®Cycle Pure Kit, OMEGA and four samples were sent for Sanger sequencing to GenScript (GenScript, Piscataway, NJ). The sequences were identical and submitted to GenBank, NCBI (accession no. MN398593). The NCBI Blast analysis showed 100% sequence homology to Pythium ultimum with the following GenBank accessions; KF181451.1, KF181449.1 and AY598657.2. Pathogenicity test was done on sugar beet with the same isolates in the greenhouse. Two week old, pythium culture was mixed with vermiculite and perlite mixer (PRO-MIX FLX) in the plastic trays (24´´ x 15´´× 3˝), (22 °C, 75% Relaive Humidity). Sterile water (500 ml/each tray) was added in the mixer to provide sufficient moisture. Twenty seeds of cv. Hilleshog 4302 were sown in the tray, and the trays were replicated thrice with inoculated and mock treatments. Plants were watered as needed to maintain adequate soil moisture conducive for plant growth and disease development. Seven days after sowing, 50% and 100% germination was observed in the inoculated and control treatments, respectively. At the beginning of the second week, 30% post-emergence damping-off was observed in the inoculated treatments. Diseased seedlings were gently pulled out from the pots where similar symptoms were observed in the sugar beet seedlings as described previously. No incidence of disease was observed in mock-treated seedlings. Consistent reisolation of Pythium ultimum was morphologically and molecularly confirmed from the diseased seedlings, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Pythium spp identification is prerequisite to develop effective management of pre and post-emergence damping-off. Pythium ultimum was previously reported in Nebraska to cause sugar beet seed rot and pre-emergence damping-off (Harvenson 2006). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Pythium ultimum causing damping-off on sugar beet in the Sidney factory district in Montana.

scholarly journals The Perfect Stage of Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni) of Beta vulgaris Found in Michigan

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Hanson ◽  
J. M. McGrath
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perfect Stage ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
Erysiphe Polygoni ◽  
Powdery Mildew Infection

Powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC [synonym E. betae {Vanha} Weltzien]) affects several different crops of Beta vulgaris, including sugar beet, Swiss chard, and table beet. The disease has been prevalent in many sugar beet-growing areas of the United States since the first major epidemic in beet in 1974 (3). Powdery mildew in the United States was primarily associated with the asexual stage of the pathogen until the perfect stage was found, first in western states such as Idaho and Colorado (2), then in more Midwestern states such as Nebraska, and most recently in North Dakota (1). Similar to North Dakota, powdery mildew has not been a major problem in the Michigan growing area. It does appear sporadically, particularly on sugar beets that have not been sprayed to control other foliar diseases. In 2010, powdery mildew infection on sugar beet was observed in late August in a field in the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. Plants were inspected periodically for the presence of the sexual stage. In early October, sugar beet and Swiss chard plants with heavy powdery mildew infection also were observed at the Michigan State University (MSU) Horticultural Demonstration Gardens in East Lansing and on sugar beet at the MSU Plant Pathology and Botany research farms. On both the Saginaw Valley sugar beet and Swiss chard on the MSU campus, ascomata were observed on a few leaves in mid-October. No ascomata were found on sugar beet at the other two locations. The majority of ascomata were dark brown to black when located, although a few light tan ascomata were observed on the Swiss chard. Ascomata varied from 70 to 100 μm in diameter. Asci contained one to four hyaline or golden yellow ascospores similar to those described in other growing regions on sugar beet (1,2). No ascomata had been detected on powdery mildew-infected sugar beet from either the Saginaw Valley or the MSU research farms the previous two years. These results appear to indicate a spread of the ability to form the perfect stage eastward from the western United States. This may be due to movement of one mating type because E. polygoni has been reported to be heterothallic on some crops (4). The presence of the perfect stage indicates that sexual recombination could occur in E. polygoni on Beta species in Michigan, creating the potential for more rapid development of new strains that might vary in fungicide sensitivity and response to host resistance. References: (1) C. A. Bradley et al. Plant Dis. 91:470, 2007 (2) J. J. Gallian and L. E. Hanson. Plant Dis. 87:200, 2003. (3) E. G. Ruppel. Page 13 in: Compendium of Beet Disease and Insects. E. D. Whitney and J. E. Duffus, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1986. (4) C. G. Smith. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 55:355, 1970.

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