Repair processes in the central nervous system in disturbances of motor function

1972 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-322
Author(s):  
G. N. Krivitskaya
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Repair Processes ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Intermittent hypoxia promotes recovery of respiratory motor function in spinal cord-injured mice depleted of serotonin in the central nervous system

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 545-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Komnenov ◽  
Julia Z. Solarewicz ◽  
Fareeza Afzal ◽  
Kwaku D. Nantwi ◽  
Donald M. Kuhn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Intermittent Hypoxia ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Cord Injury ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Diaphragm Activity

We examined the effect of repeated daily exposure to intermittent hypoxia (IH) on the recovery of respiratory and limb motor function in mice genetically depleted of central nervous system serotonin. Electroencephalography, diaphragm activity, ventilation, core body temperature, and limb mobility were measured in spontaneously breathing wild-type (Tph2+/+) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 knockout (Tph2−/−) mice. Following a C2 hemisection, the mice were exposed daily to IH (i.e., twelve 4-min episodes of 10% oxygen interspersed with 4-min normoxic periods followed by a 90-min end-recovery period) or normoxia (i.e., sham protocol, 21% oxygen) for 10 consecutive days. Diaphragm activity recovered to prehemisection levels in the Tph2+/+ and Tph2−/− mice following exposure to IH but not normoxia [Tph2+/+ 1.3 ± 0.2 (SE) vs. 0.3 ± 0.2; Tph2−/− 1.06 ± 0.1 vs. 0.3 ± 0.1, standardized to prehemisection values, P < 0.01]. Likewise, recovery of tidal volume and breathing frequency was evident, although breathing frequency values did not return to prehemisection levels within the time frame of the protocol. Partial recovery of limb motor function was also evident 2 wk after spinal cord hemisection. However, recovery was not dependent on IH or the presence of serotonin in the central nervous system. We conclude that IH promotes recovery of respiratory function but not basic motor tasks. Moreover, we conclude that spontaneous or treatment-induced recovery of respiratory and motor limb function is not dependent on serotonin in the central nervous system in a mouse model of spinal cord injury.

scholarly journals Microglia: Same same, but different

2019 ◽  
Vol 216 (10) ◽  
pp. 2223-2225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Kierdorf ◽  
Marco Prinz
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Microglial identity in the central nervous system (CNS) is dependent on colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) signaling and its ligands IL-34 and colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1). In this issue of JEM, Kana et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20182037) make the important discovery that CSF-1, but not IL-34, orchestrates cerebellar microglial homeostasis in mice, and its deficiency resulted in severe cerebellar dysfunctions accompanied by defects in motor function and social behavior.

scholarly journals Not moving: the fundamental but neglected motor function

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1718) ◽  
pp. 20160190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Noorani ◽  
R. H. S. Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
General Behaviour ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The function of the motor system in preventing rather than initiating movement is often overlooked. Not only are its highest levels predominantly, and tonically, inhibitory, but in general behaviour it is often intermittent, characterized by relatively short periods of activity separated by longer periods of stillness: for most of the time we are not moving, but stationary. Furthermore, these periods of immobility are not a matter of inhibition and relaxation, but require us to expend almost as much energy as when we move, and they make just as many demands on the central nervous system in controlling their performance. The mechanisms that stop movement and maintain immobility have been a greatly neglected area of the study of the brain. This paper introduces the topics to be examined in this special issue of Philosophical Transactions , discussing the various types of stopping and stillness, the problems that they impose on the motor system, the kinds of neural mechanism that underlie them and how they can go wrong. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.

scholarly journals PROGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF IMPAIRED MOTOR FUNCTION IN PRETERM INFANTS WITH PERINATAL HYPOXIC-ISCHEMIC LESIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
O.V. Vareshniuk ◽  
V.V. Vyun
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Periventricular Leukomalacia ◽  
Spastic Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Spastic Diplegia ◽  
Prognostic Criteria ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Impaired Motor Function

In the course of work, in order to identify prognostic criteria for the development of impaired motor function in preterm infants with perinatal hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the central nervous system, a comprehensive examination of 79 infants of both gender born prematurely was performed. All children underwent perinatal hypoxic-ischemic lesions of the central nervous system, 37.9 % of them were diagnosed with spastic cerebral palsy, and 20.3 % had spastic diplegia; 27.8 % - childhood hemiplegia; 13.9 % - hydrocephalus acquired. All children were developed with delayed speech function, patients with infantile hemiplegia and 89.2 % with spastic diplegia at the age of 3 caught up with their peers. Patients with spastic cerebral palsy had speech and cognitive impairment. Prognostic criteria for the likelihood of development of motor function disorders in the examined children are selected taking into account the indicators of their neurological and motor status, gestational age, gender, degree of periintraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, perivetricular ischemia. The factors leading to the categories «walking without restrictions», «walking with auxiliary devices», «walking not mastered» have been systematized. It has been proved that the combination of periintraventricular hemorrhages of the II degree with ischemic lesions of the brain of mild degree, in most cases gives a more positive prognosis, and the association with more pronounced ischemic lesions forms a heavy motor prognosis in children who were born prematurely and underwent perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Predictably unfavorable factors for the formation of cognitive and speech deficits in premature infants are intraventricular hemorrhages of the III degree and periventricular leukomalacia. The prognostic factors for the occurrence of motor disorders in preterm infants are periintraventricular hemorrhage of the II-IV degree, periventricular leukomalacia of the II degree and male gender of the child.

scholarly journals Pathology of Locoweed Poisoning in Sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 413-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent R. Van Kampen ◽  
Lynn F. James
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vacuolar Degeneration ◽  
Oxytropis Sericea ◽  
Cytoplasmic Vacuoles ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Three locoweeds, Oxytropis sericea, Astragalus pubentissimus, and A. lentigimosus were fed experimentally to yearling wethers for 60 days. Clinical signs were central nervous impairment resulting in diminished control or loss of motor function and proprioception. Cytoplasmic vacuolar degeneration was a constant finding in the neurons of the central nervous system, and of the plexuses of Auerbach and Miessner. Cytoplasmic vacuoles were also present in reticuloendothelial cells, liver, kidney, and other parenchymatous organs. The contents of the vacuoles was not determined.

scholarly journals Lack of the Central Nervous System- and Neural Crest-Expressed Forkhead Gene Foxs1 Affects Motor Function and Body Weight

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (13) ◽  
pp. 5616-5625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikael Heglind ◽  
Anna Cederberg ◽  
Jorge Aquino ◽  
Guilherme Lucas ◽  
Patrik Ernfors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Neural Crest ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Reporter Gene ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Ganglion Neurons

ABSTRACT To gain insight into the expression pattern and functional importance of the forkhead transcription factor Foxs1, we constructed a Foxs1-β-galactosidase reporter gene “knock-in” (Foxs1 β-gal/β-gal ) mouse, in which the wild-type (wt) Foxs1 allele has been inactivated and replaced by a β-galactosidase reporter gene. Staining for β-galactosidase activity reveals an expression pattern encompassing neural crest-derived cells, e.g., cranial and dorsal root ganglia as well as several other cell populations in the central nervous system (CNS), most prominently the internal granule layer of cerebellum. Other sites of expression include the lachrymal gland, outer nuclear layer of retina, enteric ganglion neurons, and a subset of thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei. In the CNS, blood vessel-associated smooth muscle cells and pericytes stain positive for Foxs1. Foxs1 β-gal/β-gal mice perform significantly better (P < 0.01) on a rotating rod than do wt littermates. We have also noted a lower body weight gain (P < 0.05) in Foxs1 β-gal/lβ-gal males on a high-fat diet, and we speculate that dorsomedial hypothalamic neurons, expressing Foxs1, could play a role in regulating body weight via regulation of sympathetic outflow. In support of this, we observed increased levels of uncoupling protein 1 mRNA in Foxs1 β-gal/β-gal mice. This points toward a role for Foxs1 in the integration and processing of neuronal signals of importance for energy turnover and motor function.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

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