Spatial structures in international trade: An analysis of long term developments

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Peschel
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Spatial Structures

scholarly journals Sustaining Trade during COVID-19 Pandemic: Establishing a Conceptual Model Including COVID-19 Impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5418
Author(s):  
Nashwan M. A. Saif ◽  
Jianping Ruan ◽  
Bojan Obrenovic
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Economic Distance ◽  
Conceptual Paper ◽  
Sudden Decrease ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Conceptual Research

The conceptual research aims to identify antecedents conducive to bilateral trade during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the relevance of bilateral trade for foreign policy and economy studies, there is a need for a renewed framework in times of extreme economic instability. As international commerce is essential for improving the country’s economy, we have examined how economic distance, population, trade percentage of GDP, exchange rate, and political changes interconnect and relate to COVID-19, influencing trade flows. This conceptual paper illustrates the likely impact of COVID-19 on international trade by exploring pandemics’ effects on standard trading parameters such as GDP, distance, policy stability, and population. We model the resulting shock as a multifaceted variable reflected in capital underutilization, manufacturing output decline, international trade costs inflation, production costs inflation, decrease in demand for certain services and shift from everyday needs towards activities that exclude the proximity between people, e.g., proclivity towards virtual market products. The sudden decrease in GDP and bilateral trade, as well as FDI, is amplified by further development of pandemics’ long-term consequences. We take COVID-19 to be a technological, financial, and policy shock significantly influencing international trade and economic development and argue that it will have a varying impact on diverse sectors and economies. The paper offers preliminary insight into the pandemic-related economics that are unfolding and deduce recommendations on positive changes in trading policy to fully leverage on arising trading opportunities and point to potential research directions.

تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وأثره على البطالة في العراق للمدة (2004-2017) دراسة تحليلية باستخدام التكامل المشترك المتزامن

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
خالد عواد ◽  
مهند عبد ◽  
بلال اسعد
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Economic Liberalization ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to show the impact of foreign investment inflows into Iraq on changes in unemployment after 2004, in light of the emergence of ideas of globalization in various aspects and the convergence of distances between countries due to the development of knowledge and scientific means of communication and by the policies of economic liberalization and international trade. A long - term equilibrium relationship between foreign investment flows and unemployment, and that changes in unemployment rates explain the change in FDI flows.

TEKNOLOGI, PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI: SUATU KAJIAN TEORI EKONOMI KLASIK KE PERDAGANGAN INTERNASIONAL MODERN

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Sidik Budiono
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Economic ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Balance Growth ◽  
Factor Share ◽  
Static Approach ◽  
Total Productivity ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Bang Bang Control

There are 3 phenomens of most economic which undivided that openess and international trade and economic growth. Openess is the first frame for most country to do consolidation for its capability and weakness. International trade have able support high economic growthsignificantly. This paper would like to inform us about development of international economic from Classical Economic era to Modern International Economic (integration of endogenous growth and trade). The analyzis is not only comparative static approach but alsointertemporal approach. Scientificly the country’s advantage of modern international trade is not only analyzed for technology and specialization but also countries’s factor share.  Generally, all countries tend to the long term equilibrium in the balance growth path.Therefore, each country and rest of the world will able to meet welfare economy not only individually but also international.Keywords: Technology, International Trade, Economic Growth, Balance Growth Path, Factor Share, Total Productivity, Bang-Bang Control.

Innovative Potential of Russian Export Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-137
Author(s):  
Margarita Shakhova ◽  
Kristina Sycheva
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Global Environment ◽  
Development Model ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Export Sector ◽  
The Past ◽  
Innovative Potential ◽  
National Technology

The purpose of this article is to identify the ways to develop the innovative potential of Russian export. As a perspective direction for enhancing Russian export sector, segment of services is considered to be the fastest growing and least dependent on the volatility of the global environment element of international trade. The article analyzes the dynamics of Russian exports of services over the past eleven years and concludes on the gradual strengthening of its position In this regard, attention is focused on the export of high - tech and intellectual services - analysis of Russian prospects and opportunities in this area. Also author's recommendations for the improvement of this segment in the long term are given. Special attention is paid to the development of national technology exports. As a result, the article analyzes experience of leading innovation-active countries and presents the author's development model of Russian export sector innovative potential.

Anglo-American economic relation A rejoinder

1947 ◽  
Vol 6 (03) ◽  
pp. 135-139
Author(s):  
A. P. Zentler
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Economic Relation ◽  
Complex Field ◽  
Limited Space ◽  
Anglo American

Mr A. F. Murray's paper published in the July issue of thisJournalcovers such a wide and complex field that it is obviously impossible to discuss it adequately in three to four pages. Within this limited space I have selected for comment a few points which not only constitute the main props in Mr Murray's arguments, but are also, largely for accidental reasons, of rather special interest. Their interest derives from the fact that in the last article written by the regretted Lord Keynes, these points are discussed in great detail and—most important—entirely different conclusions are reached.If I understand him rightly Mr Murray's argument is roughly this. Multilateral international trade can function properly only if the following two conditions are satisfied:(i) each of the participating nations must pursue a policy of full employment at home;(ii) each nation must pursue abroad an economic policy such that its balance of payments over a long term is of manageable dimensions.

Patent and Antitrust Problems Revisited in the Context of Wireless Networking

2011 ◽  
pp. 149-165
Author(s):  
Gary Lea
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Ieee 802.11 ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Wireless Networking ◽  
Domain Name ◽  
Trade Disputes ◽  
Development Organizations

The author seeks to illustrate some of the ongoing problems that patents present for those seeking to standardize in the ICT field. The chapter illustrates these problems by drawing on patent and international trade disputes surrounding the rollout of IEEE 802.11 family (colloquially, “WiFi”) technologies during 2003 and 2004. It then presents several solutions including the introduction of a more systematic approach to dispute resolution by standards development organizations (SDOs) based around ADR procedures derived from the domain name Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP), corresponding changes to dispute handling in international trade disputes and, in the long term, alternation to intellectual property laws to allow for appropriately-tailored standardization exceptions (at least at the level of interoperability).

GOOD FAITH PERFORMANCE IN CANADIAN CONTRACT LAW

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris D.L. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Good Faith ◽  
Hospital Services ◽  
Similar Statement ◽  
General Duty ◽  
Binding Force

IN Mellish v Motteux (1792) 170 E.R. 113, 157, Lord Kenyon observed that “in contracts of all kinds, it is of the highest importance that courts of law should compel the observance of honesty and good faith”. This passage echoes a similar statement by Lord Mansfield 25 years earlier in Carter v Boehm (1766) 97 E.R. 1162, 1910. Despite these early statements of principle, the modern common law has been notoriously hostile to the notion that contracting parties are under a general duty of good faith in the performance of their obligations (see W.P. Yee, “Protecting Parties' Reasonable Expectations: A General Principle of Good Faith” (2001) 1 Oxford U. Commonwealth L.J. 195), and there is certainly “no firm line of modern cases to support such an obligation” in English law (see L.E. Trakman and K. Sharma, “The Binding Force of Agreements to Negotiate in Good Faith” [2014] C.L.J. 598). Nevertheless, some recent decisions in Australia, Canada, and England have begun to imply obligations to perform certain types of promises, in certain classes of contracts, in an honest manner, crafting, in the words of Lord Bingham, “piecemeal solutions in response to piecemeal problems” (Interfoto Picture Library v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd. [1989] 1 QB 433, 439 (CA)). A recent English example is Yam Seng Pte Ltd. v International Trade Corporation Ltd. [2013] EWHC 111 (QB) in which Leggatt J. found there to be an implied duty of “honesty” and “fidelity to the bargain” in the context of a long-term distribution contract. Importantly, His Lordship emphasised that whether such obligations can be implied is a matter of construction, which involves ascertaining the parties' objective intentions through conventional techniques such as the principle of business efficacy. As implying such obligations depends entirely on the context of each contract (at paras [137]–[143]) there is, at present, no general principle of good faith performance in English contract law, despite some case-by-case recognition (see Mid-Essex Hospital Services N.H.S. Trust v Compass Group UK and Ireland Ltd. [2013] EWCA Civ 200, at [105], [150]).

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