Russian-Mongolian Trade and Economic Relations at the Beginning of the 20th Century: History and Stages of Development

For a long time, trade relations in this region have played an important role between agricultural and nomadic cultures. The Great Silk Road, the first trans-Eurasian trade route connecting East Asia and the Mediterranean in antiquity and the Middle Ages, promoted an intensive exchange of goods, interpenetration of cultures, transfer of knowledge and technology. Russia and Mongolia have long common borders, close economic, cultural, and religious ties of border territories. The study shows the development of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations, considers the volume of trade, analysis of the range of goods, the ratio of the trade turnover of the Russian-Mongolian trade, the main directions of trade routes, expeditions to study the Mongolian market. The characterization of the rivalry of Russian, Chinese and foreign entrepreneurs in Mongolia is given. Different positions of Russian statesmen, trade circles and the public regarding the prospects of Russian-Mongolian trade are revealed. An assessment of the routes of scientific and trade expeditions in the study of the state of the Mongolian market is given. The problematic sides in the Russian-Mongolian trade and the ways of their solution are revealed. Particular attention is paid to cross-border territories that played an important role in the development of trade and economic relations. In his work, the author relied mainly on the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity, historical-genetic, historical-dynamic, comparative-historical, retrospective methods, which allowed the most complete analysis of the main stages and patterns, dynamics of trade, problems and prospects for the development of Russian Mongolian trade and economic ties. An analysis of Russian-Mongolian trade and economic relations allowed the author to come to the conclusion that, despite the existing problems in the development of trade, Mongolia occupied an important place in the political and economic interests of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, especially for Siberian commercial and industrial capital, which had common long borders and long-standing trade and economic ties. The study showed that the border territories of Siberia were closely integrated into trade and economic relations with Mongolia and were a kind of outpost in Russia’s Far Eastern policy.

Análise dos Impactos dos Acordos de Complementação Econômica entre Brasil e México

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os potenciais impactos do acordo de complementação econômica (ACE nº 53 e ACE nº 55) nos fluxos comerciais da economia brasileira. Neste sentido, buscou-se fazer uma síntese das relações comerciais entre Brasil e México e simular cenários do acordo de complementação econômica Brasil e México com redução de 50% e 100% das tarifas. Os setores foram classificados com base no grau de intensidade tecnológica conforme os critérios estabelecidos pela Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE), isolando o setor de veículos. O Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável (EGC) foi usado para a simulação, utilizando a base de dados Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), versão 9. Os resultados revelaram, em ambos os cenários analisados, dois grandes benefícios para o Brasil. O primeiro se deve ao aumento das exportações e importações de produtos do setor de veículos e de média-alta e alta intensidade tecnológica, diminuindo a exportação de commodities, o que estimularia a produção industrial brasileira. O segundo ganho seria o aumento do bem-estar, principalmente por causa do aumento da eficiência alocativa.

Simulações de Acordos de Livre Comércio para o Mercosul: Cenários com a China e com os Estados Unidos

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar as consequências de acordos de livre comércio do MERCOSUL de uma perspectiva brasileira. Para atingir este objetivo, utiliza-se como ferramenta o modelo de equilíbrio geral computável GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project). São simulados dois acordos distintos: um com a China e outro com os Estados Unidos. A escolha desses países se dá pelo fato de serem os principais parceiros comerciais dos países do MERCOSUL, além de representarem dois lados antagônicos de uma atual guerra comercial. Os resultados mostram que os países envolvidos nos acordos comerciais melhoram a eficiência alocativa e aumentam a especialização de acordo com as vantagens comparativas. Para o Brasil, o acordo com a China é preferível devido aos ganhos de bem-estar e ao maior aumento do PIB e da eficiência alocativa. Para o resto do MERCOSUL, porém, tais efeitos são maiores no acordo com os Estados Unidos.

Beekeeping in late medieval Europe: A survey of its ecological settings and social impacts

In the middle ages bees held significant economic, social and cultural importance. Constant demand for wax was driven by Christian religious practice among many other uses, while honey provided the only widely accessible sweetener in an era before large-scale sugar imports. Consequently, beekeeping was a notable part of the rural economy, drawing on the participation of numerous groups across Europe, from peasants with only a few hives for small-scale production to specialized beekeepers producing for a thriving international trade. Analysis of a wide variety of documents from northern and southern Europe, shows the importance of beekeeping in the late medieval period, and the ways in which different environments and types of economic and social organization consequently gave rise to different forms of beekeeping. This paper demonstrates that beekeeping was not an isolated activity, but rather one which competed and conflicted with, and conflicted with, many other types of resource use from a variety of actors. As such, beekeeping provides a lens through which to consider human intervention in the natural environment, demonstrating the extent to which the medieval landscape was regulated, managed, mediated and anthropized.

The Impact on Carbon Emissions of China with the Trade Situation versus the U.S.

The China–US trade conflict will inevitably have a negative impact on China’s trade imports and exports, industrial development, and economic growth, and will affect the achievement of climate change goals. In the short term, the impact of the trade conflict on China’s import and export trade will cause the carbon emissions contained in traded commodities to change accordingly. To assess the impact of the trade conflict on China’s climate policy, this paper combines a model from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) and the input–output analysis method and calculates the carbon emissions in international trade before and after the conflict. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The trade war has led to a sharp decline in China–US trade, but for China as a whole, imports and exports have not changed much; (2) China’s export emissions have changed little, its import emissions have dropped slightly, and its net emissions have increased; and (3) China’s exports are still concentrated in energy-intensive industries. Changes in trade will bring challenges to China’s balancing of climate and trade exigencies. China–US cooperation based on energy and technology will help China cope with climate change after the trade conflict.

Bioethics, Rent-Seeking, and Death: Examining the Opposition to Kidney Markets

The market for kidneys offers a case study of Baptists and Bootleggers. In almost every country, sales are currently illegal and donated organs are allocated by a central planner. Thousands of people die every year, because of the shortage caused by the absence of markets. This paper starts by examining the free-market alternative, and shows that a market would solve the shortage (and thus unnecessary deaths). It then uses gains-from-trade analysis to explain why current vested interests oppose a move to a market, despite the immense potential for saved lives. In a shift to a market, gains from trade would be distributed away from lucky patients (who receive a zero-price kidney) and various industries that benefit from the shortage (dialysis, medical equipment, etc.); these “Bootleggers” form an alliance with “Baptists” (altruistic donors, large segments of the bioethics community, and organ allocation central planners).

Climate Change Policies and the Carbon Tax Effect on Meat and Dairy Industries in Brazil

This study analyzes the impacts of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the meat and dairy industries. To achieve this goal, the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) database was used in a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) setting, which allows for the inclusion of carbon taxes and the definition of four alternative environmental policies scenarios using both Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Global Temperature Potential (GTP) as GHG emissions measures. All scenarios analyze the main effects of carbon-based tax economic instruments on the industry and national production, trade, and emissions, comparing the results for different measures of GHG, GWP, and GTP from the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation System (SEEG) sectoral Brazilian emissions database. In contrast with other industries, relatively lower taxes on the meat and dairy industries seem to be the most adequate in terms of cost distribution in the Brazilian economic structure when only the GWP measure is considered. Urban activities and less-methane-intensive industries benefit from climate change policies designed using GWP-based rather than GTP-based carbon taxes. The article also highlights the importance of a gradual introduction of carbon taxes, allowing the most vulnerable industries a transition moment to adopt clean technologies and/or redirect economic activity to less-GHG-emitting segments.