Nervous and behavioral responses to light in colonies of the free-living bryozoan,Selenaria maculata (Busk)

1984 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Berry ◽  
P. J. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Free Living

Overcoming prey naiveté: Free‐living marsupials develop recognition and effective behavioral responses to alien predators in Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 1685-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna P. Bytheway ◽  
Peter B. Banks
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Prey Naiveté ◽  
Prey Naïveté

Thermoregulatory and Behavioral Responses during Incubation of Free-Living Female Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca

1990 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svein Haftorn ◽  
Randi Eidsmo Reinertsen
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Ficedula Hypoleuca ◽  
Free Living

scholarly journals Skin-penetrating nematodes exhibit life-stage-specific interactions with host-associated and environmental bacteria

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan N. Chavez ◽  
Taylor M. Brown ◽  
Adrien Assié ◽  
Astra S. Bryant ◽  
Buck S. Samuel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Strongyloides Stercoralis ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Host Seeking ◽  
Environmental Bacteria

Abstract Background Skin-penetrating nematodes of the genus Strongyloides infect over 600 million people, posing a major global health burden. Their life cycle includes both a parasitic and free-living generation. During the parasitic generation, infective third-stage larvae (iL3s) actively engage in host seeking. During the free-living generation, the nematodes develop and reproduce on host feces. At different points during their life cycle, Strongyloides species encounter a wide variety of host-associated and environmental bacteria. However, the microbiome associated with Strongyloides species, and the behavioral and physiological interactions between Strongyloides species and bacteria, remain unclear. Results We first investigated the microbiome of the human parasite Strongyloides stercoralis using 16S-based amplicon sequencing. We found that S. stercoralis free-living adults have an associated microbiome consisting of specific fecal bacteria. We then investigated the behavioral responses of S. stercoralis and the closely related rat parasite Strongyloides ratti to an ecologically diverse panel of bacteria. We found that S. stercoralis and S. ratti showed similar responses to bacteria. The responses of both nematodes to bacteria varied dramatically across life stages: free-living adults were strongly attracted to most of the bacteria tested, while iL3s were attracted specifically to a narrow range of environmental bacteria. The behavioral responses to bacteria were dynamic, consisting of distinct short- and long-term behaviors. Finally, a comparison of the growth and reproduction of S. stercoralis free-living adults on different bacteria revealed that the bacterium Proteus mirabilis inhibits S. stercoralis egg hatching, and thereby greatly decreases parasite viability. Conclusions Skin-penetrating nematodes encounter bacteria from various ecological niches throughout their life cycle. Our results demonstrate that bacteria function as key chemosensory cues for directing parasite movement in a life-stage-specific manner. Some bacterial genera may form essential associations with the nematodes, while others are detrimental and serve as a potential source of novel nematicides.

Behavioral Responses of Free-Living Hoary Marmots to a Model Golden Eagle

1979 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 408-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. H. Noyes ◽  
W. G. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Golden Eagle ◽  
Free Living

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Ultrastructure of neuromuscular relationships in the canine heartworm (dirofilaria immitis)

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
W. L. Steffens ◽  
Nancy B. Roberts ◽  
J. M. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
Pharmacological Effects ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Canine Heartworm ◽  
The World ◽  
Synaptic Region ◽  
Muscle Innervation ◽  
Insight Into

The canine heartworm is a common and serious nematode parasite of domestic dogs in many parts of the world. Although nematode neuroanatomy is fairly well documented, the emphasis has been on sensory anatomy and primarily in free-living soil species and ascarids. Lee and Miller reported on the muscular anatomy in the heartworm, but provided little insight into the peripheral nervous system or myoneural relationships. The classical fine-structural description of nematode muscle innervation is Rosenbluth's earlier work in Ascaris. Since the pharmacological effects of some nematacides currently being developed are neuromuscular in nature, a better understanding of heartworm myoneural anatomy, particularly in reference to the synaptic region is warranted.

A Clinical Study of Twenty-seven Children Exhibiting Functional Hearing Loss

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald L. McCanna ◽  
Giacinto DeLapa
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Upper Elementary ◽  
Elementary Grades ◽  
Ability Level ◽  
Hearing Problem

This report reviews 27 cases of children exhibiting functional hearing loss. The study reveals that most students were in the upper elementary grades and were predominantly females. These subjects were functioning below their ability level in school and were usually in conflict with school, home, or peers. Tests used were selected on the basis of their helping to provide early identification. The subjects' oral and behavioral responses are presented, as well as ways of resolving the hearing problem. Some helpful counseling techniques are also presented.

Lead and lead toxicity in domestic and free living birds

2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. De Francisco ◽  
N. De Francisco ◽  
N. De Francisco
Keyword(s):  
Lead Toxicity ◽  
Free Living

Olfactory Modulation of Steady- State Visual Evoked Potential Topography in Comparison with Differences in Odor Sensitivity

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline M. Owen ◽  
John Patterson ◽  
Richard B. Silberstein
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Visual Evoked Potential ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Odor Concentration ◽  
Odor Detection ◽  
Detection Response ◽  
Response Groups ◽  
Visual Evoked

Summary Research was undertaken to determine whether olfactory stimulation can alter steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) topography. Odor-air and air-only stimuli were used to determine whether the SSVEP would be altered when odor was present. Comparisons were also made of the topographic activation associated with air and odor stimulation, with the view toward determining whether the revealed topographic activity would differentiate levels of olfactory sensitivity by clearly identifying supra- and subthreshold odor responses. Using a continuous respiration olfactometer (CRO) to precisely deliver an odor or air stimulus synchronously with the natural respiration, air or odor (n-butanol) was randomly delivered into the inspiratory airstream during the simultaneous recording of SSVEPs and subjective behavioral responses. Subjects were placed in groups based on subjective odor detection response: “yes” and “no” detection groups. In comparison to air, SSVEP topography revealed cortical changes in response to odor stimulation for both response groups, with topographic changes evident for those unable to perceive the odor, showing the presence of a subconscious physiological odor detection response. Differences in regional SSVEP topography were shown for those who reported smelling the odor compared with those who remained unaware of the odor. These changes revealed olfactory modulation of SSVEP topography related to odor awareness and sensitivity and therefore odor concentration relative to thresholds.

Brain Pathways and Behavioral Responses to Weak Electric Fields in Parasitic Sea Lampreys (Petromyzon marinus).

2004 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson ◽  
Sang-Seon Yun ◽  
John Teeter ◽  
Weiming Li
Keyword(s):  
Electric Fields ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Brain Pathways
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