Studies of Didymella bryoniae: The influence of nutrition and cultural practices on the occurrence of stem lesions and internal and external fruit rot on different cultivars of cucumber

1993 ◽  
Vol 99 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 335-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eigil Neergaard ◽  
Grethe Haupt ◽  
Kirsten Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Didymella Bryoniae ◽  
Stem Lesions

Phomopsis vexans (Phomopsis blight of eggplant).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Historical Distribution ◽  
Poor Seed ◽  
Phomopsis Vexans ◽  
Stem Lesions

Abstract P. vexans is a pynicidial anamorph with a teleomorph in the genus Diaporthe. Easily seedborne and producing large numbers of conidia, it causes disease in Solanum melongena [aubergine/brinjal/eggplant], its only significant host. This ranges from poor seed germination and damping-off of seedlings, to leaf and stem lesions and to fruit rot, both in the field and after harvest. The fungus has been reported from widely distributed areas of most continents, but only a few of those are in Europe and Africa, even though the climates are favourable. Seed transmission may explain its broad historical distribution, but limitation of its host range to a non-staple vegetable crop can allow for its avoidance and eradication by cultural methods. As a result, perhaps, it does not appear often on lists of restricted pathogens, even though it may cause yield losses of more than 50%.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF CULTURAL PRACTICES AND FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF PHYTOPHTHORA BLIGHT OF WATERMELON

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 519C-519
Author(s):  
W.R. Jester ◽  
M. L. Adams ◽  
G. J. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Phytophthora Blight ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Fruit Decay

The experiment was conducted at the Cunningham Research Station in Kinston, N.C. (coordinates: N35 18.372; W77 34.937), on Goldsboro loamy sand. Three cultural systems (bare ground + overhead irrigation bare ground + drip irrigation, black plastic + drip irrigation) and seven fungicide treatments were evaluated in a split-plot design with cultural system as the main plot and fungicide treatments as subplots. The cultivar used was `Mickey Lee'. The trial was installed 18 July. Soil moisture was monitored in each of the cultural regimes using soil moisture sensors (Spectrum Technologies, Inc, Plainfield, IL) and rain gauges. The cultural systems using drip irrigation were irrigated to 10 cb starting when soil moisture reached 40 cb. Overhead irrigation was used to maintain at least 2 inches per week total precipitation beginning 12 Aug. Cultural systems and fungicide treatments were replicated 4 times. To prevent gummy stem blight and powdery mildew, Pristine (14.5 oz/acre) and Quintec (6 oz/acre) were alternated with Bravo Weather Stik (2 pt/acre) and Flint (4 oz/acre) on a 7-day interval, beginning 16 Aug. Experimental fungicide treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a 3-nozzle (19-inch spacing) handheld boom with hollow cone nozzles (TXVS-26) delivering 40 gal/acre at 45 psi. Treatments were initiated when the largest fruit were about 6 inches in diameter. All treatments were applied on a 7-day interval with applications on 25 Aug. and 2, 9, 16, and 23 Sept. Plots were inoculated on 12 and 19 Sept. by hand-scattering 0.5 lb of 1-cm cubes of naturally P. capcisi-infected acorn squash fruit per plot. Disease severity was evaluated on 26 Sept. as fruit rot incidence and percent foliar necrosis. Captan was most effective in suppressing fruit rot regardless of cultural regime. Captan and NOA-446510 were both effective in reducing vine collapse across all cultural regimes. Incidence of fruit decay was significantly greater in the bare ground + overhead irrigation (overhead) cultural regime while plasticulture (plastic) and bare ground + drip irrigation (drip) resulted in similar levels of fruit decay and vine collapse. No interaction of cultural regime with treatment was detected. Watermelon stems and foliage are typically very resistant to Phytophthora blight, but significant vine collapse occurred in many plots. P. capsici was consistently isolated from diseased foliage and stems and is considered the primary cause of vine collapse.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Stem Rot Caused by Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and P. carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum on Grafted Eggplant in Italy

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Catara ◽  
P. Bella ◽  
G. Polizzi ◽  
A. Paratore
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Pectobacterium Carotovorum ◽  
Carotovorum Subsp ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
Physiological Tests

In December 1999, widespread dieback of eggplant (Solanum melongena L., hybrid Mission Bell), grafted onto the interspecific hybrid Beaufort (Lycopersicon esculentum × Lycopersicon hirsutum) and on tomato hybrid Energy, was observed during four rootstock evaluation trials in greenhouses in Sicily, Italy. Dark brown to black, firm but sometimes fissured lesions, 1 to 20 cm long, were observed just above the grafting point. Water-soaked, soft, dark green lesions that turned brown with age were observed on the upper stem. Extensive discoloration of vascular tissues and, in some cases, breakdown of the pith and stem hollowness occurred. Eggplant seedlings, present in the same experimental trials, did not show any symptoms. From symptomatic tissues, numerous bacterial colonies were obtained on nutrient dextrose agar. Bacteria from purified colonies were gram-negative, oxidase-negative, facultatively anaerobic pectolitic on crystal violet pectate agar, which is nonfluorescent on King's B medium. On the basis of biochemical and physiological tests (1), seven of 10 isolates were identified as Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Jones 1901) Hauben et al. 1999, comb. nov. (2), and the remaining three were identified as P. carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum (van Hall 1902) Hauben et al. 1999, comb. nov. (2). Four days after prick inoculation of the stems of eggplant and tomato plants, all isolates caused extensive collapse of stems and internal brown discoloration and hollowness, respectively. In a second pathogenicity test, basil leaves of grafted eggplants and eggplant seedlings were either removed or left intact. These plants were then sprayed with bacterial suspensions (108 CFU/ml) of one isolate of each pathogen. Plants were held at 100% relative humidity or in a low-moisture incubator. After 6 days incubation, stem lesions and vascular discoloration, typical of symptoms observed in greenhouses, were observed on plants held at 100% relative humidity. No symptoms were observed in unwounded plants or plants maintained in low relative humidity. Similar symptoms on grafted eggplant have been attributed to physiological disorders (3). To our knowledge, only P. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum has been reported on eggplant as causing fruit rot. References: (1) N. W. Schaad, ed. 1988. Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 2nd ed. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) L. Hauben et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41:582, 1999. (3) G. Ginoux and H. Laterrot. Rev. Horticole (Paris) 321:49, 1991.

scholarly journals First Report of Nectria haematococca Stem Girdling of Greenhouse Peppers in Florida

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lamb ◽  
E. Rosskopf ◽  
R. M. Sonoda
Keyword(s):  
South Florida ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Nectria Haematococca ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Agar Block ◽  
First Report ◽  
Half Strength ◽  
Stem Lesions ◽  
First Time ◽  
Stem Girdling

Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome causing stem girdling of three cultivars of greenhouse pepper, Capsicum annuum (cvs. Kelvin, Cubico, and Grizzly), was found for the first time in a single greenhouse in south Florida in March 1999. Approximately 10% of the plants were affected at first report increasing to over 40% within 3 months. Black lesions occurred at nodes where the plant was pruned or where fruit had been harvested. No mycelium or perithecia were noted in association with the lesions. All tissue above a lesion appeared normal until the lesion girdled the stem, causing the tissue above the lesion to wilt and die. The plant appeared unaffected below the lesion. The pathogen was isolated on half-strength Difco potato-dextrose agar (½ DPDA). Reddish perithecia developed readily in culture. Two single spore isolates of the pathogen obtained from two naturally infected plants (cultivar Kelvin) were used to satisfy Koch's postulates. Five plants of Kelvin were inoculated with each isolate by inserting a 4-mm agar block of the pathogen grown for 5 days on ½ DPDA into the stem. Five plants of the same cultivar were similarly treated with fungus-free ½ DPDA. Plants were grown under greenhouse conditions after inoculation. In four plants, black lesions similar to those seen in the commercial greenhouse developed within 1 week. In one plant, the portions of the plants above the point of inoculation wilted after 5 days. The upper parts of the plants appeared healthy until lesions girdled the stems. The plants treated with fungus-free agar remained healthy. The fungus was re-isolated from the margins of lesions on the inoculated plants. The pathogen has been reported to cause stem lesions and fruit rot of pepper in greenhouses in England (1) and Canada (2). Fruit symptoms were not observed in the Florida greenhouse. Stem symptoms were again reported from the same greenhouse in the following season. References: (1) J. T. Fletcher. Plant Pathol. 43:225–222, 1994. (2) W. R. Jarvis. Can. Plant Dis. Surv. 74:131–134, 1994.

scholarly journals Anthracnose on Strawberry: Its Etiology, Epidemiology, and Pathology, Together with Management Strategies for Strawberry Nurseries: Introduction to the Workshop

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Barclay Poling
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum

In recent years, anthracnose fruit rot (AFR) caused by Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds, has become an even more serious threat to strawberry plant and fruit producers in major strawberry-growing areas of North America. This highly virulent pathogen causes fruit rot, crown rot, root rot, and lesions on petioles and stolons. In fruit-production fields, the best way to control AFR is to prevent the introduction of the pathogen into the field by using anthracnose-free transplants. A critical step in controlling the disease then, lies in effective nursery management practices. Participants in this workshop outlined several key management strategies, including methods to eliminate pathogen inoculum, cultural practices that reduce host plant susceptibility, and chemical and biological control measures. Industry members stressed the importance of giving research priority to developing improved methods of nursery field sampling and detection of C. acutatum in asymptomatic plants with latent infection. Being able to rapidly and economically diagnose C. acutatum in symptomless plant material at each step in the multiyear nursery plant propagation cycle (foundation, registered, and certified plants), will help nursery growers minimize the potential of selling C. acutatum-infected transplants to fruit growers. A video recording of the 4-h workshop was produced by ASHS Video Workshop Series (http://ashs.org/resources/videoworkshopseries.html).

scholarly journals Inoculum Dynamics, Fruit Infection, and Development of Brown Rot in Prune Orchards in California

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1132-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Luo ◽  
Themis J. Michailides ◽  
David P. Morgan ◽  
William H. Krueger ◽  
Richard P. Buchner
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Spore Concentration ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Artificial Fruit ◽  
Late Stages

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is a destructive disease of stone fruit in California. Disease management requires information on inoculum dynamics and development of latent and visible fruit infections during the season to help make decisions on timing of fungicide treatments and choice of cultural practices. In this study, the daily spore concentration (ascospores and conidia) of M. fructicola in the air was monitored with spore traps in two prune orchards during the growing seasons in 2001 and 2002. The spore concentrations were low to moderate at early bloom, increased at full bloom, and decreased to the lowest level at the end of bloom. Improper timing of fruit thinning and irrigation in midseason increased spore concentration in the air and fruit infections late in the season. Artificial fruit inoculations were conducted periodically in 10 prune orchards in 2002 and 2004, and incidence of fruit rot at different inoculation dates was assessed. Fruit rot development rate increased linearly with inoculation date during the growing season. Natural blossom and fruit infections were monitored periodically in 10 prune orchards, and incidence of latent fruit infection was determined by using the overnight freezing-incubation technique. Incidence of fruit rot also was assessed 2 weeks before harvest in these orchards. The incidence of latent fruit infection at the pit hardening stage significantly correlated with that at the late stages and with the incidence of fruit rot at harvest.

scholarly journals Factors that Affect Development of Collar Rot on Tobacco Seedlings Grown in Greenhouses

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1076-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Gutierrez ◽  
H. D. Shew
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
External Source ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Collar Rot ◽  
Chemical Injuries ◽  
Tobacco Seedlings ◽  
Stem Lesions

Collar rot, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an important disease of tobacco transplants produced under greenhouse conditions. Factors that affect the development of the disease were studied, including age of seedlings, presence of an external source of nutrients (leaf extract), clipping (leaf removal) practices, exposure to low temperature, and leaf injury caused by heat and a chemical. Flue-cured tobacco seedlings, cultivar K-326, were grown in polystyrene cell trays floating on a nutrient solution. Trays were maintained in a phytotron growth chamber with a 28/18°C day/night temperature regime. Seedlings were inoculated with ascospores of S. sclerotiorum at the desired stage of growth by placing mature apothecia in the growth chamber and inducing ascospore release and deposition. Disease incidence was determined by examining seedlings for the presence of stem lesions over the next 15 to 21days. Seedlings between 35 and 53 days old were more susceptible to collar rot than younger or older seedlings. Inoculum efficiency was highest and disease was most severe when an external source of nutrients was present on leaf surfaces. Clipping of leaf tips did not increase disease, but if the leaf pieces created by clipping were left on seedlings, collar rot development was enhanced compared with treatments where debris was removed. Heat and chemical injuries that resulted in necrotic tissue provided highly susceptible infection courts for ascospores of S. sclerotiorum, but exposure to low temperature, which caused no visible injury, did not enhance infection. Adoption of cultural practices that minimize accumulation of leaf debris and eliminate factors that cause necrotic injury on leaves should greatly reduce the severity of collar rot of tobacco seedlings.

Diagnostic Guide for Gummy Stem Blight and Black Rot on Cucurbits

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Keinath
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Black Rot ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
Didymella Bryoniae ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Gummy Stem Blight ◽  
Foliar Blight ◽  
Stem Cankers

Gummy stem blight and black rot affect all commonly cultivated cucurbits, including melon, watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin, and squash. Symptoms may be found on all vegetative and reproductive parts of plants, although there is variation in susceptibility among species and horticultural types. Characteristic symptoms include foliar blight, crown and stem cankers, and fruit rot. The pathogen, Didymella bryoniae, can be identified from its fruiting bodies of pycnidia and pseudothecia on diseased tissue and in culture. Accepted for publication 27 August 2013. Published 24 October 2013.

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